Lower Cape Fear River Program 2006 reportEnvironmental Assessment of the Lower
Cape Fear River System, 2006
By
Michael A. Mallin, Matthew R. McIver and James F. Merritt
December 2007
CMS Report No. 07-02
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Wilmington, N.C. 28409
Executive Summary
Multiparameter water sampling for the Lower Cape Fear River Program (LCFRP) has
been ongoing since June 1995. Scientists from the University of North Carolina
Wilmington (UNCW) perform the sampling effort. The LCFRP currently encompasses
36 water sampling stations throughout the Cape Fear, Black, and Northeast Cape Fear
River watersheds. The LCFRP sampling program includes physical, chemical, and
biological water quality measurements and analyses of the benthic and epibenthic
macroinvertebrate communities, and has in the past included assessment of the fish
communities. Principal conclusions of the UNCW researchers conducting these
analyses are presented below, with emphasis on the period January - December 2006.
The opinions expressed are those of UNCW scientists and do not necessarily reflect
viewpoints of individual contributors to the Lower Cape Fear River Program.
The mainstem lower Cape Fear River is characterized by periodically turbid water
containing moderate to high levels of inorganic nutrients. It is fed by two large
blackwater rivers (the Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers) that have low levels of
turbidity, but highly colored water with less inorganic nutrient content than the
mainstem. While nutrients are reasonably high in the river channels, algal blooms are
rare because light is attenuated by water color or turbidity, and flushing is high. Periodic
algal blooms are seen in the tributary stream stations, some of which are impacted by
point source discharges. Below some point sources, nutrient loading can be high and
fecal coliform contamination occurs. Other stream stations drain blackwater swamps or
agricultural areas, some of which periodically show elevated pollutant loads or effects.
Average annual dissolved oxygen (DO) levels at the river channel stations for 2006
were similar to the average for 1996-2005. Dissolved oxygen levels were lowest during
the summer, often falling below the state standard of 5.0 mg/L at several river and
upper estuary stations. There is a dissolved oxygen sag in the main river channel that
begins at Station DP below a paper mill discharge and near the Black River input, and
persists into the mesohaline portion of the estuary. Mean oxygen levels were highest at
the upper river stations NC11 and AC and in the middle to lower estuary at stations M23
and M18. Lowest mainstem mean 2006 DO levels occurred at the lower river and
upper estuary stations NAV, HB, BRR and M61 (6.7-6.8 mg/L). As the water reaches
the lower estuary higher algal productivity, mixing and ocean dilution help alleviate
oxygen problems.
The Northeast Cape Fear and Black Rivers generally have lower DO levels than the
mainstem Cape Fear River. These rivers are classified as blackwater systems because
of their tea colored water. The Northeast Cape Fear River in general seems to be more
oxygen stressed than the Black River; in 2006 Station NCF117 had DO concentrations
below 4.0 mg/L 33% of the time sampled, while during that same period Station B210
had DO below 4.0 mg/L 0% of the occasions sampled. Several stream stations were
severely stressed in terms of low dissolved oxygen during the year 2006. Station GS
had DO levels below 4.0 mg/L 50% of the occasions sampled, NC403 33%, SR 33%
and ANC 25%. Smith Creek had DO levels below 5.0 mg/L 36% of the time.
Annual mean turbidity levels for 2006 were considerably lower than the long-term
average, probably a result of low rainfall. Highest mean turbidities were at NAV, then
the upper river sites N11 and AC (15-18 NTU) with turbidities gradually decreasing
downstream through the estuary. Turbidity was lower in the blackwater tributaries
(Northeast Cape Fear River and Black River) than in the mainstem river.
Regarding stream stations, chronic or periodic high nutrient levels were found at a number of
sites, including BC117, 6RC, GCO,NC403 and PB. Algal blooms were rare in 2006, only
occurring in July and August at Stations GS, PB, LRC and BCRR. Several stream stations,
particularly BCRR, BC117, HAM, SAR, PB , ROC, and LRC showed high fecal coliform counts
on a number of occasions. On a few occasions biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
concentrations in several Northeast Cape Fear River watershed stream stations (especially N403
and BC117, were elevated (BOD5 greater than 2.5 mg/L). Water column metals concentrations
were not problematic during 2006.
This report includes an in-depth look at each subbasin, comparing the results of the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality's 2005 Basinwide Management Plan use
support ratings with the UNCW-Aquatic Ecology Laboratory’s (AEL) assessments of the
2006 sampling year. The UNCW-AEL utilized ratings that consider a water body to be
of poor quality if the water quality standard for a given parameter is in violation > 25% of
the time, of fair quality if the standard is in violation between 11 and 25% of the time,
and good quality if the standard is violated no more than 10% of the time. UNCW also
considerers nutrient loading in water quality assessments, based on published
experimental and field scientific findings.
For the 2006 period UNCW rated all stations as good in terms of chlorophyll a. For
turbidity 100% of the sites were rated good. However, 57% of the stations had either
fair or poor water quality in terms of fecal coliform bacterial contamination – more
than double that of 2005. Using the 5.0 mg/L DO standard for the Piedmont river
stations, and the 4.0 mg/L “swamp water” DO standard for the stream stations and
blackwater river stations, 47% of the sites were rated poor or fair for dissolved oxygen,
slightly more than in 2005. In addition, by our UNCW standards excessive nitrate and
phosphorus concentrations were problematic at a number of stations (Chapter 3).
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................………...............…........1
1.1 Site Description................................................………....................................2
1.2 Report Organization………………………………………………………………..2
2.0 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the Lower Cape Fear River
and Estuary………………………………………………..…………………….....….. ….8
Physical Parameters..…......................………..........................................……....11
Chemical Parameters…....……..……….........................................................…..14
Biological Parameters.......……….....……......................................................…..17
3.0 Water Quality by Subbasin in the Lower Cape Fear River System…………………49
1
1.0 Introduction
Michael A. Mallin
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
The Lower Cape Fear River Program is a unique science and education program that
has a mission to develop an understanding of processes that control and influence the
ecology of the Cape Fear River, and to provide a mechanism for information exchange
and public education. This Program provides a forum for dialogue among the various
Cape Fear River user groups and encourages interaction among them. Overall policy is
set by an Advisory Board consisting of representatives from citizen’s groups, local
government, industries, academia, the business community, and regulatory agencies.
This report represents the scientific conclusions of the UNCW researchers participating
in this Program and does not necessarily reflect opinions of all other Program
participants. This report focuses on the period January through December 2006.
The scientific basis of the Program consists of the implementation of an ongoing
comprehensive physical, chemical, and biological monitoring program. Another part of
the mission is to develop and maintain a data base on the Cape Fear basin and make
use of this data to develop management plans. Presently the Program has amassed a
ten-year (1995-2005) data base freely available to the public. Using this monitoring
data as a framework the Program goals also include focused scientific projects and
investigation of pollution episodes. The scientific aspects of the Program are carried out
by investigators from the University of North Carolina Wilmington Center for Marine
Science. The monitoring program was developed by the Lower Cape Fear River
Program Technical Committee, which consists of representatives from UNCW, the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, The NC Division of Marine Fisheries, the US
Army Corps of Engineers, technical representatives from streamside industries, the City
of Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Plants, Cape Fear Community College, Cape
Fear River Watch, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the US
Geological Survey, forestry and agriculture organizations, and others. This integrated
and cooperative program was the first of its kind in North Carolina.
Broad-scale monthly water quality sampling at 16 stations in the estuary and lower river
system began in June 1995 (directed by Dr. Michael Mallin). Sampling was increased
to 34 stations in February of 1996, 35 stations in February 1998, and 36 stations in
2005. The Lower Cape Fear River Program added another component concerned with
studying the benthic macrofauna of the system in 1996. This component is directed by
Dr. Martin Posey and Mr. Troy Alphin of the UNCW Biology Department and includes
the benefit of additional data collected by the Benthic Ecology Laboratory under Sea
Grant and NSF sponsored projects in the Cape Fear Estuary. The third major biotic
component (added in January 1996) was an extensive fisheries program directed by Dr.
Mary Moser of the UNCW Center for Marine Science Research, with subsequent (1999)
overseeing by Mr. Michael Williams and Dr. Thomas Lankford of UNCW-CMS. This
2
program involved cooperative sampling with the North Carolina Division of Marine
Fisheries and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The fisheries
program ended in December 1999, but was renewed with additional funds from the Z.
Smith Reynolds Foundation from spring – winter 2000, and has been operational
periodically for special projects since that period. The regular sampling that was
conducted by UNCW biologists was assumed by the North Carolina Division of Marine
Fisheries.
1.1 Site Description
The mainstem of the Cape Fear River is formed by the merging of the Haw and the
Deep Rivers in Chatham County in the North Carolina Piedmont. However, its drainage
basin reaches as far upstream as the Greensboro area (Fig. 1.1). The mainstem of the
river has been altered by the construction of several dams and water control structures.
In the coastal plain, the river is joined by two major tributaries, the Black and the
Northeast Cape Fear Rivers (Fig. 1.1). These 5th order blackwater streams drain
extensive riverine swamp forests and add organic color to the mainstem. The
watershed (about 9,149 square miles) is the most heavily industrialized in North
Carolina with 244 permitted wastewater discharges and (as of 2000) over 1.83 million
people residing in the basin (NCDENR 2005). Approximately 24% of the land use in the
watershed is devoted to agriculture and livestock production (NCDENR 2005), with
livestock production dominated by swine and poultry operations. Thus, the watershed
receives considerable point and non-point source loading of pollutants. However, the
estuary is a well-flushed system, with flushing tie ranging from 1 to 22 days with a
median flushing time of about seven days, much shorter than the other large N.C.
estuaries to the north (Ensign et al. 2004).
Water quality is monitored by boat at ten stations in the Cape Fear Estuary (from
Navassa to Southport) and one station in the Northeast Cape Fear Estuary (Table 1.1;
Fig. 1.1). Riverine stations sampled by boat include NC11, AC, DP, IC, and BBT (Table
1.1; Fig. 1.1). NC11 is located upstream of any major point source discharges in the
lower river and estuary system, and is considered to be representative of water quality
entering the lower system. BBT is located on the Black River between Thoroughfare
and the mainstem Cape Fear, and is influenced by both rivers. We consider B210 and
NCF117 to represent water quality entering the lower Black and Northeast Cape Fear
Rivers, respectively. Data has also been collected at stream and river stations
throughout the Cape Fear, Northeast Cape Fear, and Black River watersheds (Table
1.1; Fig. 1.1). Data collection at a station in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway was
initiated in February 1998 to obtain water quality information near the Southport
Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge.
1.2 Report Organization
This report contains two sections assessing LCFRP data. Section 2 presents an
overview of physical, chemical, and biological water quality data from the 36 individual
stations, and provides tables of raw data as well as figures showing spatial or temporal
3
trends. In Section 3 we analyze our data by sub-basin, compare our results with DWQ's
2006 Basinwide Plan, and make water quality ratings for dissolved oxygen, turbidity,
chlorophyll a, metals, and fecal coliform bacterial abundance. We also utilize other
relevant parameters such as nutrient concentrations to aid in these assessments. This
section is designed so that residents of a particular sub-basin can see what the water
quality is like in his or her area based on LCFRP data collections.
The LCFRP has a website that contains maps and an extensive amount of past water
quality, benthos, and fisheries data gathered by the Program available at:
www.uncwil.edu/cmsr/aquaticecology/lcfrp/
1.3 References Cited
Ensign, S.H., J.N. Halls and M.A. Mallin. 2004. Application of digital bathymetry data in an analysis of flushing times of two North Carolina estuaries. Computers and Geosciences 30:501-511.
NCDENR. 2005. Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality/Planning, Raleigh, NC, 27699-1617.
4
Table 1.1. Description of sampling locations in the Cape Fear Watershed, 2006,
including UNCW designation and NCDWQ station designation number.
________________________________________________________________
UNCW St. DWQ No. Location
________________________________________________________________
High order river and estuary stations
NC11 B8360000 At NC 11 bridge on Cape Fear River (CFR)
GPS N 34.39663 W 78.26785
LVC2 B8441000 on Livingston Creek near Acme
GPS N 34.33530 W 78.2011
AC B8450000 5 km downstream from International Paper on CFR
GPS N 34.35547 W 78.17942
DP B8460000 At Dupont Intake above Black River
GPS N 34.33595 W 78.05337
IC B9030000 Cluster of dischargers upstream of Indian Cr. on CFR
GPS N 34.30207 W 78.01372
B210 B9000000 Black River at Highway 210 bridge
GPS N 34.43138 W 78.14462
BBT none Black River between Thoroughfare and Cape Fear River
GPS N 34.35092 W 78.04857
NCF117 B9580000 Northeast Cape Fear River at Highway 117, Castle Hayne
GPS N 34.36342 W 77.89678
NCF6 B9670000 Northeast Cape Fear River near GE dock
GPS N 34.31710 W 77.95383
NAV B9050000 Railroad bridge over Cape Fear River at Navassa
GPS N 34.25943 W 77.98767
HB B9050100 Cape Fear River at Horseshoe Bend
GPS N 34.24372 W 77.96980
BRR B9790000 Brunswick River near new boat ramp in Belville
GPS N 34.22138 W 77.97868
5
M61 B9750000 Channel Marker 61, downtown at N.C. State Port
GPS N 34.19377 W 77.95725
M54 B7950000 Channel Marker 54, 5 km downstream of Wilmington
GPS N 34.13933 W 77.94595
M42 B9845100 Channel Marker 42 near Keg Island
GPS N 34.09017 W 77.93355
M35 B9850100 Channel Marker 35 near Olde Brunswick Towne
GPS N 34.03408 W 77.93943
M23 B9910000 Channel Marker 23 near CP&L intake canal
GPS N 33.94560 W 77.96958
M18 B9921000 Channel Marker 18 near Southport
GPS N 33.91297 W 78.01697
SPD B9980000 1000 ft W of Southport WWT plant discharge on ICW
GPS N 33.91708 W 78.03717
________________________________________________________________
Tributary stations collected from land
________________________________________________________________
SR B8470000 South River at US 13, below Dunn runoff
GPS N 35.15600 W 78.64013
GCO B8604000 Great Coharie Creek at SR 1214
GPS N 34.91857 W 78.38873
LCO B8610001 Little Coharie Creek at SR 1207
GPS N 34.83473 W 78.37087
6RC B8740000 Six Runs Creek at SR 1003 (Lisbon Rd.)
GPS N 34.79357 W 78.31192
BRN B8340050 Browns Creek at NC 87
GPS N 34.61360 W 78.58462
HAM B8340200 Hammonds Creek at SR 1704
GPS N 34.56853 W 78.55147
COL B8981000 Colly Creek at NC 53
GPS N 34.46500 W 78.26553
6
ANC B9490000 Angola Creek at NC 53
GPS N 34.65705 W 77.73485
NC403 B9090000 Northeast Cape Fear below Mt. Olive Pickle at NC403
GPS N 35.17838 W 77.98028
PB B9130000 Panther Branch below Cates Pickle
GPS N 35.13445 W 78.13630
GS B9191000 Goshen Swamp at NC 11
GPS N 35.02923 W 77.85143
SAR B9191500 Northeast Cape Fear River near Sarecta
GPS N 34.97970 W 77.86251
LRC B9460000 Little Rockfish Creek at NC 11
GPS N 34.72247 W 77.98145
ROC B9430000 Rockfish Creek at US 117
GPS N 34.71689 W 77.97961
BCRR B9500000 Burgaw Canal at Wright St., above WWTP
GPS N 34.56334 W 77.93481
BC117 B9520000 Burgaw Canal at US 117, below WWTP
GPS N 34.56391 W 77.92210
SC-CH Smith Creek at Castle Hayne Rd.
GPS N 34.25897 W 77.93872
7
Figure 1.1 Map of the Lower Cape Fear River system and the LCFRP sampling stations.
8
2.0 - Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the
Lower Cape Fear River and Estuary
Michael A. Mallin and Matthew R. McIver
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
2.1 Introduction
This section of the report includes a discussion of the physical, chemical, and biological
water quality parameters, concentrating on the January-December 2006 Lower Cape
Fear River Program monitoring period. These parameters are interdependent and
define the overall condition of the river. Physical parameters measured during this
study included water temperature, dissolved oxygen, field turbidity and laboratory
turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, conductivity, pH and light attenuation.
The chemical makeup of the Cape Fear River was investigated by measuring the
magnitude and composition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water, as well as
concentrations of United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority
pollutant metals. Three biological parameters including fecal coliform bacteria,
chlorophyll a and biochemical oxygen demand were examined.
2.2 Materials and Methods
All samples and field parameters collected for the estuarine stations of the Cape Fear
River (NAV down through M18) were gathered on an ebb tide. This was done so that
the data better represented the river water flowing downstream through the system
rather than the tidal influx of coastal ocean water. Sample collection and analyses were
conducted according to the procedures in the Lower Cape Fear River Program Quality
Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) manual. Technical Representatives from the
LCFRP Technical Committee and representatives from the NC Division of Water Quality
inspect UNCW laboratory procedures and periodically accompany field teams to verify
proper procedures are followed. We note that our previous Livingston Creek station
(LVC) has been discontinued and a new station sampled from the dock of the Wright
Chemical Company near Acme (LVC2) was put into operation in 2005.
Physical Parameters
Water Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, Salinity, Conductivity
Field parameters were measured at each site using a YSI 6920 (or 6820) multi-
parameter water quality sonde displayed on a YSI 650 MDS. Each parameter is
measured with individual probes on the sonde. At stations sampled by boat (see Table
1.1) physical parameters were measured at 0.1 m, the middle of the water column, and
at the bottom (up to 12 m). Occasionally, high flow prohibited the sonde from reaching
9
the actual bottom and measurements were taken as deep as possible. At the
terrestrially sampled stations the physical parameters were measured at a depth of 0.1
m. Our laboratory at the UNCW CMS is State-certified by the N.C. Division of Water
Quality to perform field parameter measurements.
Chemical Parameters
Nutrients
All nutrient analyses were performed at the UNCW Center for Marine Science (CMS) for
samples collected prior to January 1996. A local State-certified analytical laboratory
was contracted to conduct all subsequent analyses except for orthophosphate, which is
performed at CMS. The following methods detail the techniques used by CMS
personnel for orthophosphate analysis.
Orthophosphate (PO4-3)
Water samples were collected ca. 0.1 m below the surface in triplicate in amber 125 mL
Nalgene plastic bottles and placed on ice. In the laboratory 50 mL of each triplicate was
filtered through separate1.0 micron pre-combusted glass fiber filters, which were frozen
and later analyzed for chlorophyll a. The triplicate filtrates were pooled in a glass flask,
mixed thoroughly, and approximately 100 mL was poured into a 125 mL plastic bottle to
be analyzed for orthophosphate. Samples were frozen until analysis.
Orthophosphate analyses were performed in duplicate using an approved US EPA
method for the Bran-Lubbe AutoAnalyzer (Method 365.5). In this technique the
orthophosphate in each sample reacts with ammonium molybdate and anitmony
potassium tartrate in an acidic medium (sulfuric acid) to form an anitmony-phospho-
molybdate complex. The complex is then reacted with ascorbic acid and forms a deep
blue color. The intensity of the color is measured at a wavelength of 880 nm by a
colorimeter and displayed on a chart recorder. Standards and spiked samples were
analyzed for quality assurance.
Biological Parameters
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Fecal coliform bacteria were analyzed at a State-certified laboratory contracted by the
LCFRP. Samples were collected approximately 0.1 m below the surface in sterile
plastic bottles provided by the contract laboratory and placed on ice for no more than six
hours before analysis.
10
Chlorophyll a
The analytical method used to measure chlorophyll a is described in Welschmeyer
(1994) and US EPA (1997) and was performed by CMS personnel. Chlorophyll a
concentrations were determined directly from the 1.0 micron filters used for filtering
samples for orthophosphate analysis. All filters were wrapped individually in foil, placed
in airtight containers and stored in the freezer. During analysis each filter is immersed
in 10 mL of 90% acetone for 24 hours, which extracts the chlorophyll a into solution.
Additionally, filters from samples taken at M61, M18, BC117 and BCRR are ground
during the extraction process. Chlorophyll a concentration of each solution is measured
on a Turner 10-AU fluorometer. The fluorometer uses an optimal combination of
excitation and emission bandwidth filters which reduces the errors inherent in the
acidification technique. Our laboratory at the CMS is State-certified by the N.C. Division
of Water Quality for the analysis of chlorophyll a.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Five sites were originally chosen for BOD analysis. One site was located at NC11,
upstream of International Paper, and a second site was at AC, about 3 miles
downstream of International Paper (Fig.1.1). Two sites were located in blackwater
rivers (NCF117 and B210) and one site (BBT) was situated in an area influenced by
both the mainstem Cape Fear River and the Black River. For the sampling period May
2000-April 2004 additional BOD data were collected at stream stations 6RC, LCO,
GCO, BRN, HAM and COL in the Cape Fear and Black River watersheds. In May 2004
those stations were dropped and sampling commenced at ANC, SAR, GS, N403, ROC
and BC117 in the Northeast Cape Fear River watershed. The procedure used for BOD
analysis was Method 5210 in Standard Methods (APHA 1995). Samples were analyzed
for both 5-day and 20-day BOD. During the analytical period, samples were kept in
airtight bottles and placed in an incubator at 20o C. All experiments were initiated within
6 hours of sample collection. Samples were analyzed in duplicate. Dissolved oxygen
measurements were made using a YSI Model 57 meter that was air-calibrated. No
adjustments were made for pH since most samples exhibited pH values within or very
close to the desired 6.5-7.5 range (pH is monitored during the analysis as well).
Several sites have naturally low pH and there was no adjustment for these samples
because it would alter the natural water chemistry and affect true BOD.
2.3 Results and Discussion
This section includes results from monitoring of the physical, biological, and chemical
parameters at all stations for the time period January-December 2006. Discussion of
the data focuses mainly on the river channel stations, but poor water quality conditions
at stream stations will also be discussed. The contributions of the two large blackwater
tributaries, the Northeast Cape Fear River and the Black River, are represented by
conditions at NCF117 and B210, respectively. The Cape Fear Region did not
experience any significant hurricane activity during this monitoring period (after major
11
hurricanes in 1996, 1998, and 1999). Therefore this report reflects low to medium flow
conditions for the Cape Fear River and Estuary.
Physical Parameters
Water temperature
Water temperatures at all stations ranged from 4.6 to 31.7 oC and individual station
annual averages ranged from 16.2 to 20.9oC (Table 2.1). Highest temperatures
occurred during July and August and lowest temperatures during February. Stream
stations were generally cooler than river stations, most likely because of shading and
lower nighttime air temperatures affecting the shallower waters.
Salinity
Salinity at the estuarine stations ranged from 0.0 to 33.2 practical salinity units (psu)
and station annual means ranged from 0.9 to 24.1 psu (Table 2.2). Lowest salinities
occurred in September and highest salinities occurred in November. Two stream
stations, NC403 and PB, had occasional oligohaline conditions due to discharges from
pickle production facilities. Annual mean salinity for 2006 was equivalent to that of the
ten-year average for 1996-2005 for all stations, and slightly lower at the lower estuarine
stations (Figure 2.1).
Conductivity
Conductivity at estuarine stations ranged from 0.08 to 50.60 mS/cm and from 0.0 to
3.33 mS/cm at the freshwater stations (Table 2.3). Temporal conductivity patterns
followed those of salinity. Dissolved ionic compounds increase the conductance of
water, therefore, conductance increases and decreases with salinity, often reflecting
river flow conditions due to rainfall. Conductivity may also reveal point source pollution
sources, as is seen at BC117, which is below a municipal wastewater discharge.
Stations PB and NC403 are below an industrial discharge, and often have elevated
conductivity.
pH
pH values ranged from 3.8 to 8.1 and station annual medians ranged from 3.9 to 7.9
(Table 2.4). pH was typically lowest upstream due to acidic swamp water inputs and
highest downstream as alkaline seawater mixes with the river water. Low pH values at
COL predominate because of naturally acidic blackwater inputs.
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Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) problems are a major water quality concern in the lower Cape
Fear River and its estuary, and several of the tributary streams (Mallin et al. 1999; 2000;
2001a; 2001b; 2002a; 2002b; 2003; 2004; 2005a; 2006). Surface concentrations in
2006 ranged from 0.4 to 12.8 mg/L and station annual means ranged from 4.0 to 9.2
mg/L (Table 2.5). Average annual DO levels at the river channel stations for 2006 were
very similar to the average for 1996-2005 (Figure 2.2). Dissolved oxygen levels were
lowest during the summer (Table 2.5), often falling below the state standard of 5.0 mg/L
at several river and upper estuary stations. Working synergistically to lower oxygen
levels are two factors: lower oxygen carrying capacity in warmer water and increased
bacterial respiration (or biochemical oxygen demand, BOD), due to higher temperatures
in summer. Unlike other large North Carolina estuaries (the Neuse, Pamlico and New
River) the Cape Fear estuary rarely suffers from dissolved oxygen stratification. This is
because despite salinity stratification the oxygen remains well mixed due to strong
estuarine gravitational circulation and high freshwater inputs (Lin et al. 2006). Thus,
hypoxia in the Cape Fear is present throughout the water column.
There is a dissolved oxygen sag in the main river channel that begins at DP below a
paper mill discharge and persists into the mesohaline portion of the estuary (Fig. 2.2).
Mean oxygen levels were highest at the upper river stations NC11 and AC and in the
middle to lower estuary at stations M23 and M18. Lowest mainstem mean 2006 DO
levels occurred at the lower river and upper estuary stations NAV, HB, BRR and M61
(6.7-6.8 mg/L). Discharge of high BOD waste from the paper/pulp mill just above the
AC station (Mallin et al. 2003), as well as inflow of blackwater from the Northeast Cape
Fear and Black Rivers, help to diminish oxygen in the upper estuary. As the water
reaches the lower estuary higher algal productivity, mixing and ocean dilution help
alleviate oxygen problems.
The Northeast Cape Fear and Black Rivers generally have lower DO levels than the
mainstem Cape Fear River (NCF117 2006 mean = 6.1, NCF6 = 6.6, B210 2006 mean =
7.0). These rivers are classified as blackwater systems because of their tea colored
water. As the water passes through swamps en route to the river channel, tannins from
decaying vegetation leach into the water, resulting in the observed color. Decaying
vegetation on the swamp floor has an elevated biochemical oxygen demand and usurps
oxygen from the water, leading to naturally low dissolved oxygen levels. Runoff from
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) may also contribute to chronic low
dissolved oxygen levels in these blackwater rivers (Mallin et al. 1998; 1999; 2006; Mallin
2000). The Northeast Cape Fear River in general seems to be more oxygen stressed
than the Black River; in 2006 NCF117 had DO concentrations below 4.0 mg/L 33% of
the time sampled, while during that same period B210 had DO below 4.0 mg/L 0% of
the occasions sampled (Table 2.5)
Several stream stations were severely stressed in terms of low dissolved oxygen during
the year 2006. ANC had DO levels below 4.0 mg/L 25% of the occasions sampled,
13
NC403 33%, GS 50% and SR 33% (Table 2.5). Some of this can be attributed to low
water conditions and some potentially to CAFO runoff; however point-source discharges
also likely contribute to low dissolved oxygen levels at NC403 and possibly SR,
especially via nutrient loading (Mallin et al. 2001a; 2002a; 2004). Smith Creek had DO
levels below 5.0 mg/L 36% of the time. Hypoxia is thus a widespread problem, with
47% of the sites impacted in 2006.
Field Turbidity
Field turbidity levels ranged from 0 to 78 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and station
annual means ranged from 2 to 18 NTU (Table 2.6). Annual mean turbidity levels for
2006 were considerably lower than the long-term average (Fig. 2.3) probably a result of
generally low rainfall and a lack of major storm activity. Highest mean turbidities were
at NAV (18 NTU) followed by the upper river sites N11, AC and DP (14-15 NTU) with
turbidities gradually decreases downstream through the estuary (Figure 2.3). Turbidity
was lower in the blackwater tributaries (Northeast Cape Fear River and Black River)
than in the mainstem river.
Note: In addition to the laboratory-analyzed turbidity, the LCFRP uses nephelometers
designed for field use, which allows us to acquire in situ turbidity from a natural
situation. North Carolina regulatory agencies are required to use turbidity values from
water samples removed from the natural system, put on ice until arrival at a State-
certified laboratory, and analyzed using laboratory nephelometers. Standard Methods
notes that transport of samples and temperature change alters true turbidity readings.
Our analysis of samples using both methods shows that lab turbidity is nearly always
lower than field turbidity; thus we do not discuss lab turbidity in this report.
Total Suspended Solids
Total suspended solid (TSS) values system wide ranged from 0 to 71 mg/L with station
annual means from 2 to 20 mg/L (Table 2.7). The overall highest values were in the
ICW at Station SPD. For the river channel stations TSS was highest in mid-estuary at
M54, next in the upper estuary at NAV, and somewhat lower in the lower estuary. In the
stream stations TSS was generally low, except for BC117. Although total suspended
solids (TSS) and turbidity both quantify suspended material in the water column, they do
not always go hand in hand. High TSS does not mean high turbidity and vice versa.
This anomaly may be explained by the fact that fine clay particles are effective at
dispersing light and causing high turbidity readings, while not resulting in high TSS. On
the other hand, large organic or inorganic particles may be less effective at dispersing
light, yet their greater mass results in high TSS levels.
14
Light Attenuation
The attenuation of solar irradiance through the water column is measured by a
logarithmic function (k) per meter. The higher this light attenuation coefficient is the
more strongly light is attenuated (through absorbance or reflection) in the water column.
River and estuary light attenuation coefficients ranged from 1.27 to 6.72/m and station
annual means ranged from 1.70 at M18 to 4.00 /m at NCF6 (Table 2.8).
High light attenuation did not always coincide with high turbidity. Blackwater, though
low in turbidity, will attenuate light through absorption of solar irradiance. At NCF6 and
BBT, blackwater stations with moderate turbidity levels, light attenuation was high.
Compared to other North Carolina estuaries the Cape Fear has high average light
attenuation. The high average light attenuation is a major reason why phytoplankton
production in the major rivers and the estuary of the LCFR is generally low. Whether
caused by turbidity or water color this attenuation tends to limit light availability to the
phytoplankton (Mallin et al. 1997; 1999; 2004).
Chemical Parameters – Nutrients
Total Nitrogen
Total nitrogen (TN) is calculated from TKN (see below) plus nitrate; it is not analyzed in
the laboratory. TN ranged from 190 to 12,780 µg/L and station annual means ranged
from 567 to 4,533 µg/L (Table 2.9). Mean total nitrogen in 2006 was equivalent to the
ten-year mean at some channel stations and higher than the mean in the lower main
river, the lower estuary, and the two major blackwater tributaries (Figure 2.4). Previous
research (Mallin et al. 1999) has shown a positive correlation between river flow and TN
in the Cape Fear system. Total nitrogen concentrations remained fairly constant down
the river and declined from mid-estuary into the lower estuary, most likely reflecting
uptake of nitrogen into the food chain through algal productivity and subsequent grazing
by planktivores as well as through dilution and marsh denitrfication. The blackwater
rivers maintained TN concentrations equal to or somewhat lower than those found in the
mainstem Cape Fear River. One stream station, BC117, had a very high mean of 4,533
µg/L, likely from the upstream Town of Burgaw wastewater discharge. ANC, ROC,
6RCand SAR also had comparatively high TN values among the stream stations.
Temporal patterns for TN were not evident.
Nitrate+Nitrite
Nitrate+nitrite (henceforth referred to as nitrate) is the main species of inorganic
nitrogen in the Lower Cape Fear River. Concentrations system wide ranged from 5
(detection limit) to 11,610 µg/L and station annual means ranged from 86 to 2,182 µg/L
15
(Table 2.10). The highest riverine nitrate levels were at AC (545 µg/L) and NC11 (490
µg/L) indicating that much of this nutrient is imported from upstream. Moving
downstream, nitrate levels decrease most likely as a result of uptake by primary
producers, microbial denitrification in riparian marshes and tidal dilution. Despite this,
the rapid flushing of the estuary (Ensign et al. 2004) permits sufficient nitrate to enter
the coastal ocean in the plume and contribute to offshore productivity (Mallin et al.
2005b). Nitrate can limit phytoplankton production in the lower estuary in summer
(Mallin et al. 1999). The blackwater rivers carried low loads of nitrate compared to the
mainstem Cape Fear stations; i.e. the Northeast Cape Fear River (NCF117 mean = 180
µg/L) and the Black River (B210 = 187 µg/L). No clear temporal pattern was observable
for nitrate.
Several stream stations showed high levels of nitrate on occasion including SAR,
NC403, PB, BC117, ROC, 6RC and LCO. NC403 and PB are downstream of industrial
wastewater discharges and SAR, ROC and 6RC primarily receive non-point agricultural
or animal waste drainage. BC117 frequently showed high nitrate levels. The Town of
Burgaw wastewater plant, upstream of BC117, has no nitrate discharge limits. Over the
past several years a considerable number of experiments have been carried out by
UNCW researchers to assess the effects of nutrient additions to water collected from
blackwater streams and rivers (i.e. the Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers, and
Colly and Great Coharie Creeks). These experiments have collectively found that
additions of nitrogen (as either nitrate, ammonium, or urea) significantly stimulate
phytoplankton production and BOD increases. Critical levels of these nutrients were in
the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L as N (Mallin et al. 1998; Mallin et al. 2001a; Mallin et al.
2002a, Mallin et al. 2004). Thus, we conservatively consider nitrate concentrations
exceeding 0.5 mg/L as N in Cape Fear watershed streams to be potentially problematic
to the streams environmental health.
Ammonium
Ammonium concentrations ranged from 5 (detection limit) to 6,510 µg/L and station
annual means ranged from 18 to 794 µg/L (Table 2.11). River areas with the highest
mean ammonium levels this monitoring period included AC, which is below a pulp mill
discharge, and DP, located downstream of AC. Ocean dilution and biological uptake
accounts for decreasing levels in the lower estuary. At the stream stations, areas with
periodic high levels of ammonium include LVC2, ANC, SAR, NC403, BRN, 6RC and
PB. BC117 had very high concentrations in February and March (1,970 and 6,510 µg/L,
respectively) – this station lies downstream of the Burgaw wastewater treatment plant.
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is a measure of the total concentration of organic nitrogen
plus ammonium. TKN ranged from 190 to 11,290 µg/L and station annual means
16
ranged from 483 to 2,352 µg/L (Table 2.12). TKN concentration drops down through
the estuary, likely due to ocean dilution and food chain uptake of nitrogen.
Total Phosphorus
Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 10 (detection limit) to 2,810 µg/L and
station annual means ranged from 49 to 788 µg/L (Table 2.13). Mean TP for 2006 was
lower than the ten-year mean from the upper river to mid-estuary, and higher than the
mean at the lower estuary and the major blackwater tributaries (Figure 2.5). In the river
TP is highest at the upper riverine channel stations and declines downstream into the
estuary. Some of this decline is attributable to the settling of phosphorus-bearing
suspended sediments, yet incorporation of phosphorus into the food chain is also
responsible. A temporal pattern of higher summer TP is a result of increasing
orthophosphate during the summer.
The experiments discussed above in the nitrate subsection also involved additions of
phosphorus, either as inorganic orthophosphate or a combination of inorganic plus
organic P. The experiments showed that additions of P exceeding 0.5 mg/L led to
significant increases in bacterial counts, as well as significant increases in BOD over
control. Thus, we consider concentrations of phosphorus above 0.5 to be potentially
problematic to blackwater streams. Streams periodically exceeding this critical
concentration included GS, NC403, GCO and BC117. Some of these stations (BC117,
NC403) are downstream of industrial or wastewater discharges, while GS and GCO are
in non-point agricultural areas.
Orthophosphate
Orthophosphate ranged from 0 to 1,860 µg/L and station annual means ranged from 11
to 568 µg/L (Table 2.14). Much of the orthophosphate load is imported into the Lower
Cape Fear system from upstream areas, as NC11 typically has the highest levels. The
Northeast Cape Fear River had higher orthophosphate levels than the Black River.
Orthophosphate can bind to suspended materials and is transported downstream via
particle attachment; thus high levels of turbidity at the uppermost river stations may be
an important factor in the high orthophosphate levels. Turbidity declines toward the
estuary because of settling, and orthophosphate concentration also declines. In the
estuary, primary productivity helps reduce orthophosphate concentrations by
assimilation into biomass. Orthophosphate levels typically reach maximum
concentrations during summertime, when anoxic sediment releases bound phosphorus.
Also, in the Cape Fear Estuary, summer algal productivity is limited by nitrogen, thereby
allowing the accumulation of orthophosphate (Mallin et al. 1997; 1999). In spring,
productivity in the estuary is usually limited by phosphorus (Mallin et al. 1997; 1999).
The stream station BC117 had high orthophosphate levels while ANC, NC403, ROC
and GCO had moderate levels. BC117 and NC403 are strongly influenced by industrial
and municipal wastewater discharges, and ANC, ROC and GCO by agriculture/animal
waste runoff.
17
Chemical Parameters - EPA Priority Pollutant Metals
Aluminum levels in the Lower Cape Fear system were generally higher in the upper
estuary and decreased toward the lower estuary (Table 2.15). Stream stations were
generally low except COL, which is considered pristine, although acidic swamp water.
There is no North Carolina aquatic standard for aluminum.
Arsenic, cadmium, and chromium all maintained concentrations below detection limits at
all stations (except As had measurable levels at SAR in June) throughout the year
(Tables 2.16, 2.17, and 2.18). The As concentrations were all below the N.C. standard.
Copper concentrations exceeded the state tidal saltwater standard of 3 µg/L once at
estuarine station M18 (Table 2.19). The freshwater standard of 7 µg/L was exceeded
once at the Stream DP.
The LCFRP is an iron-rich system (Table 2.20). Stations SAR, LRC, 6RC and GCO
maintained average iron concentrations above the state standard of 1000 µg/L. Iron
concentrations generally decreased down-estuary.
Water-column concentrations of lead, mercury, and nickel were below the analytical
detection limit except once for lead at DP and once for nickel at COL; the peak at COL
did exceed the N.C. state standard (Tables 2.21, 2.22, 2.23).
Zinc concentrations exceeded the state standard once each at M18 and DP (Table
2.24).
Biological Parameters
Chlorophyll a
During this monitoring period chlorophyll a was generally low to moderate at the river
and estuarine stations (Table 2.25). System wide, chlorophyll a ranged from 0.1 to 36.5
µg/L and station annual means ranged from 0.7 –8.1 µg/L. Production of chlorophyll a
biomass is low to moderate in this system primarily because of light limitation by
turbidity in the mainstem and high organic color and low inorganic nutrients in the
blackwater rivers. Spatially, highest values are normally found in the mid-to-lower
estuary stations because light becomes more available downstream of the estuarine
turbidity maximum (Figure 2.11). Flushing time of the Cape Fear estuary is rapid,
ranging from 1-22 days with a median of 6.7 days (Ensign et al. 2004). This does not
allow for much settling of suspended materials, leading to light limitation of
phytoplankton production. Chlorophyll a production is extremely limited in the large
18
blackwater tributaries. Highest chlorophyll a concentrations were found during spring
and summer.
Substantial phytoplankton blooms occasionally occur at the stream stations (Table
2.25). These streams are generally shallow, so vertical mixing does not carry
phytoplankton cells down below the critical depth where respiration exceeds
photosynthesis. Thus, when flow conditions permit, elevated nutrient conditions (such
as are periodically found in these stream stations) can lead to algal blooms. In areas
where the forest canopy opens up large blooms can occur. When blooms occur in
blackwater stream stations they can become sources of BOD upon death and decay,
reducing further the low summer dissolved oxygen conditions common to these waters
(Mallin et al. 2001; 2002; 2004). Stream algal blooms in 2006 occurred at GS, PB, and
BCRR.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
For the mainstem river, mean annual five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
concentrations were highest at AC, on average about 19% higher than at NC11
suggesting influence from the pulp/paper mill inputs (Table 2.26). BOD was somewhat
lower during the winter.
From 2000 until April 2004 we performed a project aimed at assessing rural Black River
system stream contributions to BOD. In May 2004 we changed the stream sampling to
the Northeast Cape Fear River watershed. Results of BOD analyses from several
stream stations can be seen in Table 2.26. The data show generally greater BOD
concentrations at the Northeast Cape Fear Watershed streams than the Black River
Watershed streams. GS, BC117, LVC2 and N403 all showed large (> 3.3 mg/L)
individual BOD5 measurements during 2006. Stations N403, LVC2 and BC117 are
below point sources, but the other two sites are non-point runoff areas.
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Fecal coliform (FC) bacterial counts ranged from 1 to >6,000 CFU/100 mL and station
annual geometric means ranged from 15 to 1,111 CFU/100 mL (Table 2.27). The state
human contact standard (200 CFU/100 mL) was exceeded at several mainstem sites
during July and September in 2006. FC counts in 2006 were lower in the upper estuary
compared with the ten-year average, but much higher than the long term average in
mid-estuary and the two major blackwater tributaries (Figure 2.6).
All stream stations surpassed the state standard for human contact of 200 CFU/100 mL
on at least one occasion and several were particularly problematic. During 2006 PB
exceeded the state standard 42% of the time, HAM 50%, BCRR 75%, BC117 and SAR
67%, LRC and ROC 33%, and ANC, GS, NC403, LVC2, SC-CH and BRN exceeded the
19
standard 25% of the time. BC117, NC403, LVC2 and PB are located below point
source discharges and the other sites are primarily influenced by non-point source
pollution. Overall, elevated fecal coliform counts are very problematic in this system,
with 57% of the stations impacted in 2006.
2.4 References Cited
APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed.
American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Ensign, S.H., J.N. Halls and M.A. Mallin. 2004. Application of digital bathymetry data in an analysis of flushing times of two North Carolina estuaries. Computers and Geosciences 30:501-511.
Lin, J. L. Xie, L.J. Pietrafesa, J. Shen, M.A. Mallin and M.J. Durako. 2006. Dissolved oxygen stratification in two microtidal partially-mixed estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 70:423-437.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver, D.C. Parsons and G.C. Shank. 1997. Nutrient
limitation and eutrophication potential in the Cape Fear and New River Estuaries.
Report No. 313. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North
Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 1998. Effect of organic and
inorganic nutrient loading on photosynthetic and heterotrophic plankton communities
in blackwater rivers. Report No. 315. Water Resources Research Institute of the
University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver, D.C. Parsons and G.C. Shank. 1999.
Alternation of factors limiting phytoplankton production in the Cape Fear Estuary.
Estuaries 22:985-996.
Mallin, M.A. 2000. Impacts of industrial-scale swine and poultry production on rivers and
estuaries. American Scientist 88:26-37.
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign, T.D. Alphin, M.S. Williams, M.L.
Moser and J.F. Merritt. 2000. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear
River System, 1999-2000. CMS Report No. 00-01, Center for Marine Science,
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 2001a. Effect of nitrogen and
phosphorus loading on plankton in Coastal Plain blackwater streams. Journal of
Freshwater Ecology 16:455-466.
20
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, T.E. Lankford, M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign, T.D. Alphin, M.S.
Williams, M.L. Moser and J.F. Merritt. 2001b. Environmental Assessment of the
Lower Cape Fear River System, 2000-2001. CMS Report No. 01-01, Center for
Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver and S.H. Ensign. 2002a. Seeking science-
based nutrient standards for coastal blackwater stream systems. Report No. 341.
Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh,
N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, T.E. Lankford, M.R. McIver, H.A. CoVan, T.D. Alphin, M.S.
Williams and J.F. Merritt. 2002b. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear
River System, 2001-2002. CMS Report No. 02-02, Center for Marine Science,
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, H.A. Wells, M.S. Williams, T.E. Lankford and J.F. Merritt.
2003. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2002-2003.
CMS Report No. 03-03, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign and L.B. Cahoon. 2004. Photosynthetic and heterotrophic impacts of nutrient loading to blackwater streams. Ecological Applications 14:823-838. Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, T.D. Alphin, M.H. Posey and J.F. Merritt. 2005a. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2003-2004. CMS Report No. 05-02, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon and M.J. Durako. 2005b. Contrasting food-web support bases for adjoining river-influenced and non-river influenced continental shelf ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62:55-62. Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver and J.F. Merritt. 2006. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2005. CMS Report No. 06-02, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
U.S. EPA 1997. Methods for the Determination of Chemical Substances in Marine
and Estuarine Environmental Matrices, 2nd Ed. EPA/600/R-97/072. National
Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Welschmeyer, N.A. 1994. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of
chlorophyll b and phaeopigments. Limnology and Oceanography 39:1985-1993.
21
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33
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43
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20
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32
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17
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36
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80
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60
5
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4
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60
6
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90
1
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50
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NO
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70
8
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7
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20
3
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3
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3
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3
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3
0
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0
2
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2
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DE
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30
3
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3
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4
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14
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60
7
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ma
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10
3
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20
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100
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11
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15
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35
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12
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36
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7
5
ma
x
22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
15
3
2
0
2
3
3
3
6
9
1
4
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
36
Ta
b
l
e
2
.
1
7
C
a
d
m
i
u
m
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
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a
r
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r
a
m
T
a
b
l
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2
.
1
8
C
h
r
o
m
i
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m
(
µg/
l
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2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
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v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
2
.
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
5
.
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
5
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
2
0
µg/
L
sa
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
sa
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
NA
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
N
A
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
mean
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
e
a
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
SA
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
S
A
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mean
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
e
a
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
37
Ta
b
l
e
2
.
1
9
C
o
p
p
e
r
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
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a
r
R
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
T
a
b
l
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2
.
2
0
I
r
o
n
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
R
i
v
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r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
7
.
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
3
.
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
1
,
0
0
0
µg/
L
.
sa
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
NA
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
N
A
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
59
3
6
7
1
2
2
5
4
1
2
3
4
7
7
5
7
6
2
3
AP
R
0
0
0
0
8
6
0
0
AP
R
77
6
3
4
3
3
9
3
2
4
5
3
7
5
4
2
8
5
4
9
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
7
8
JU
N
94
8
1
7
4
2
8
5
2
9
4
4
6
8
5
2
5
1
4
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
54
6
4
9
7
3
3
7
2
6
3
3
5
2
5
3
3
6
3
5
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
97
1
5
2
9
3
4
2
2
6
2
2
8
4
7
6
4
9
8
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
78
5
1
,
0
8
0
9
2
3
5
7
3
3
9
3
6
7
6
9
2
7
me
a
n
0
0
0
0
1
4
0
1
3
m
e
a
n
7
7
0
5
4
9
4
1
8
3
4
2
3
0
0
6
6
8
7
0
5
st
d
d
e
v
0
0
0
0
3
2
0
2
9
st
d
d
e
v
16
0
2
8
4
2
3
2
1
1
7
1
1
8
1
4
5
1
8
1
ma
x
0
0
0
0
8
6
0
7
8
ma
x
97
1
1
0
8
0
9
2
3
5
7
3
3
9
3
8
5
2
9
8
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
54
6
1
7
4
2
2
5
2
4
5
4
6
4
2
8
5
1
4
SA
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
S
A
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
41
1
4
2
7
6
0
4
5
0
9
2
4
3
4
5
6
3
3
8
6
5
5
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
13
2
0
8
2
1
9
2
1
8
1
5
5
2
7
5
7
9
7
7
6
1
0
9
1
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
14
8
0
2
2
0
0
1
8
9
0
3
4
8
0
2
5
2
0
7
5
6
1
1
8
5
1
1
6
3
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
12
4
0
1
0
6
0
7
3
0
1
8
9
0
1
5
9
0
5
2
5
9
5
4
1
8
8
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
14
9
0
3
1
6
0
1
1
3
0
1
3
2
4
9
9
7
9
2
7
1
6
5
2
9
8
6
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
55
3
1
3
3
8
4
7
5
6
8
1
2
4
8
6
7
3
9
7
3
5
6
5
me
a
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
e
a
n
1
0
8
2
1
5
0
1
9
5
8
1
4
5
0
1
0
2
1
6
5
3
9
8
0
7
7
5
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
43
5
9
2
0
4
6
7
1
0
1
7
8
1
8
1
5
6
3
9
8
3
4
1
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
14
9
0
3
1
6
0
1
8
9
0
3
4
8
0
2
5
2
0
9
2
7
1
6
5
2
1
1
6
3
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
41
1
4
2
7
4
7
5
5
0
9
2
4
3
4
5
6
3
3
8
1
8
8
38
Ta
b
l
e
2
.
2
1
L
e
a
d
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
R
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
2
2
M
e
r
c
u
r
y
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
R
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
2
5
µg/
L
.
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
0
.
0
1
2
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
0
.
0
2
5
fo
r
s
a
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
NA
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
N
A
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
1
3
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
mean
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
m
e
a
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
5
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
1
3
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
SA
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
S
A
R
LR
C
B
C
1
1
7
6
R
C
G
C
O
N
C
F
1
1
7
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AP
R
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
JU
N
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
AU
G
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
OC
T
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
DE
C
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mean
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
e
a
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
st
d
d
e
v
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
ma
x
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
mi
n
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
39
Ta
b
l
e
2
.
2
3
N
i
c
k
e
l
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
R
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
2
4
Z
i
n
c
(
µg/
l
)
2
0
0
6
a
t
t
h
e
L
o
w
e
r
C
a
p
e
F
e
a
r
R
i
v
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
8
8
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
8
.
3
µg/
L
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
N
C
S
t
a
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
s
5
0
µg/
L
f
o
r
f
r
e
s
h
w
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
8
6
µg/
L
fo
r
s
a
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
fo
r
s
a
l
t
w
a
t
e
r
.
NA
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
N
A
V
M
5
4
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
1
1
D
P
FE
B
00
0
0
0
0
0
FE
B
00
1
5
0
0
0
0
AP
R
0
0
0
0
1
6
0
0
AP
R
22
0
0
1
4
1
3
3
1
5
1
3
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49
3.0 Water Quality Evaluation by Subbasin in the Lower Cape Fear River System
Matthew R. McIver, Michael A. Malin and James F. Merritt
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
This section details an evaluation of water quality within each subbasin for dissolved
oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll a, fecal coliform bacteria and some nutrient species at the
LCFRP sampling sites. Monthly data from January to December 2006 are used in the
comparisons.
3.1 Introduction
The NC Division of Water Quality prepares a basinwide water quality plan for each of
the seventeen major river basins in the state every five years (NCDENR, DWQ Cape
Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, October 2005). The basinwide approach is a
nonregulatory watershed-based approach to restoring and protecting the quality of
North Carolina’s surface waters. The first basinwide plan for the Cape Fear River was
completed in 1996 and five-year interval updates have been completed in 2000 and
2005.
The goals of the basinwide program are to:
- Identify water quality problems and restore full use to Impaired waters.
- Identify and protect high value resource waters.
- Protect unimpaired waters while allowing for reasonable economic growth.
DWQ accomplishes these goals through the following objectives:
- Collaborate with other agencies to develop appropriate management strategies.
- Assure equitable distribution of waste assimilative capacity.
- Better evaluate cumulative effects of pollution.
- Improve public awareness and involvement.
The US Geological Survey (USGS) identifies 6 major hydrological areas in the Cape
Fear River Basin. Each of these hydrologic areas is further divided into subbasins by
DWQ. There are 24 subbasins within the Cape Fear River basin, each denoted by 6-
digit numbers, 03-06-01 to 03-06-24 (NCDENR-DWQ, October 2005).
All surface waters in the state are assigned a primary classification that is appropriate to
the best uses of that water. North Carolina’s Water Quality Standards Program adopted
classifications and water quality standards for all the state’s river basins by 1963. The
program remains consistent with the Federal Clean Water Act and its amendments.
DWQ assesses ecosystem health and human health risk through the use of five use
support categories: aquatic life, recreation, fish consumption, water supply and shellfish
50
harvesting. [Note: All waters east of Interstate 95 are considered impaired for fish
consumption due to mercury levels in fish tissue.] These categories are tied to the uses
associated with the primary classifications applied to NC rivers and streams. Waters
are supporting if data and information used to assign a use support rating meet the
criteria for that use category. If these criteria are not met then the waters are Impaired.
Waters with inconclusive data and information are Not Rated. Waters where insufficient
data or information are available to make an assessment are rated No Data.
For ambient water quality monitoring criteria, DWQ uses water quality data collected by
both their own monitoring system as well as several NPDES discharger coalitions
including the Lower Cape Fear River Program. The parameters used to assess water
quality in the aquatic life category include dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chlorophyll a and
turbidity as well as benthos and fish data. DWQ rates use support based on whether
the NC State Water Quality Standard is exceeded as listed below:
Standard exceeded in < 10% of samples = Supporting
Standard exceeded in > 10% of samples = Impaired
Less than 10 samples collected = Not Rated
DO and pH standard exceeded in swamps = Not Rated
*Some standards are written with more specific criteria and the reader should refer to
the Basinwide Water Quality plan for complete details about the DWQ rating system
(refer).
3.2 Methods
The UNCW Aquatic Ecology Laboratory (AEL) has developed an evaluation system that
incorporates some of the guidelines used by DWQ and utilizes data collected by the
Lower Cape Fear River Program. This approach determines a water quality “rating” for
the parameters dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, fecal coliform bacteria, field turbidity
and the nutrient species nitrate-nitrite (referred to as nitrate) and total phosphorus. For
dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform bacteria we compare LCFRP data to
the N.C. State Water Quality Standards (http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/csu/index.htm).
Fecal coliform bacteria data is analyzed considering human contact standards, not
shellfishing standards.
The NC DWQ does not have surface water quality standards for nitrate and total
phosphorus. The AEL water quality status is based on levels noted to be problematic in
the scientific literature and our own published research. Based on data from four years
of nutrient addition bioassay experiments using water from the Black and Northeast
Cape Fear Rivers, Colly Creek and Great Coharie Creek: the UNCW-AEL considers
total phophorus levels of 500 µg/L potentially harmful to water quality in all the waters of
the Cape Fear River watershed. Nitrate levels of 200 µg/L, 500 µg/L and 1,000 µg/L in
small streams, mainstem blackwater stations (NCF117, NCF6, B210) and mainstem
Cape Fear River stations, respectively, are considered harmful to water quality. These
nutrient levels may lead to algal blooms, high bacteria levels and high biochemical
51
oxygen demand (BOD) in blackwater streams (Mallin et al., 2001; 2002; 2004). Water
quality status for nutrient species at the mainstem Cape Fear River stations was
evaluated with a higher standard for nutrients because its waters are quite different than
the blackwater areas and are able to better assimilate higher nutrient levels.
Our system lists a sampling location as having good quality (G) if the standard is
exceeded in none or 1 sample out of 12 measurements (<10%), fair quality (F) if
standard is exceeded in 2 or 3 or 12 of measurements (11-25%), or poor quality (P) if
standard is exceeded in 4-12 out of 12 measurements (>25%).
The 36 stations monitored by the LCFRP by subbasin:
Subbasin # LCFRP Stations
03-06-16 BRN, HAM, NC11
03-06-17 LVC2, AC, DP, IC, NAV, HB, BRR,
M61, M54, M42, M35, M23, M18, SPD
03-06-18 SR
03-06-19 6RC, LCO, GCO
03-06-20 COL, B210, BBT
03-06-21 N403
03-06-22 SAR, GS, PB, LRC, ROC
03-06-23 ANC, BC117, BCRR, NCF6, NCF117,
SC-CH
Each subbasin is addressed separately with a description and map showing the LCFRP
stations. This will be followed by a summary of the information published in the October
2005 Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan and water quality status
discussion using the UNCW-AEL approach for the 2006 LCFRP data.
52
3.3 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-16
Location: Cape Fear River upstream and downstream of Elizabethtown
Counties: Bladen, Columbus, Cumberland, Pender
Water bodies: Cape Fear River
Municipalities: Elizabethtown, Dublin, White Lake, East Arcadia, Tar Heel
NPDES Dischargers: 7 @ 13.7 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 50
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
BRN (B8340050), HAM (B8340200), NC11 (B8360000)
NC DWQ monitoring stations (DWQ #):
Six ambient monitoring stations
BRN
HAM
NC1
53
Subbasin 03-06-16 includes the Cape Fear River and many streams that drain coastal plain
wetlands and bay lakes. Most of the watershed is forested with some agriculture present.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 101.5 freshwater miles Supporting 115.1 freshwater miles
Not Rated 40.1 freshwater miles Not Rated 4.8 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1,593.2 freshwater acres No Data 153.1 freshwater miles
No Data 131.4 freshwater miles No Data 2,510.8 freshwater acres
No Data 917.6 freshwater acres
*Brown’s Creek, rated as impaired in the 2000 CFRBWQP, was upgraded in the 2005 plan
(NCDENR DWQ CFRWQBP, July 2000 and NCDENR DWQ CFRWQBP, October 2005).
Lower Cape Fear River Program Evaluation
Data collection: NC11 since June 1995, BRN & HAM since February 1996
Sampling relevance: Represents water entering the Lower Cape Fear River watershed from
the middle basin (NC11). There are also concentrated animal operations within the area (BRN
and HAM).
BRN - representative of small tributaries
of the Cape Fear River
NC11 - main stem of Cape Fear River,
deep channel, freshwater
with slight tidal influence
54
All three sites in this subbasin had a good rating for dissolved oxygen, meeting the North
Carolina State standard in all sampled months (Table 3.3.1).
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating for chlorophyll a concentrations (Table 3.3.1).
The North Carolina State standard for chlorophyll a of 40 µg/L was not exceeded at any station
during 2006.
Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were low at NC11 which had a good rating with no
sample over the NC State Standard for human contact waters of 200 CFU/100mL in 2006
(Table 3.3.1). BRN and HAM received a poor rating for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations
exceeding the standard 33% of the time (Figure 3.3.1).
All sites within this subbasin were found to have a good rating for field turbidity concentrations
(Table 3.3.1). The North Carolina State Standard for turbidity of 50 NTU was not exceeded at
any station during 2006.
For nitrate, BRN rated as poor (42% above standard) and HAM rated as fair (25% above
standard). A good rating was found at NC11 for both nutrient species and for total phosphorus
at BRN and HAM.
Table 3.3.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-16
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
BRN G G P G P G
HAM G G P G F G
NC11 G G G G G G
55
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
56
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
57
3.4 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-17
Location: Cape Fear River near Riegelwood, downstream to estuarine area
near Southport
Counties: Columbus, Pender, Brunswick, New Hanover
Waterbodies: Cape Fear River and Estuary
Municipalities: Wilmington, Southport
NPDES Dischargers: 41 @ 99.9 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 7
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
LVC2 (B8445000), AC (B8450000), DP (B8460000), IC (B9030000),
NAV (B9050000), HB (B9050100), BRR (B9790000), M61 (B9750000),
M54 (B9795000), M42 (B9845100), M35 (B9850100), M23 (B9910000),
M18 (B9921000), SPD (B9980000)
DWQ monitoring stations:
NAV (B9050000), M61 (B9750000), M54(B9795000)
LV A DP
IC
NAV HB
BRR
M61
M54
M42
M35
M23
M18
SPD
58
Subbason 03-06-17 includes the mainstem of the Cape Fear River, the Cape Fear River
Estuary and many streams that drain the areas west of the River. Most of the watershed is
forested with some urban areas including Wilmington and Southport.
CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 14,125.4 saltwater acres Supporting 21,092.3 saltwater acres
Not Rated 2.0 saltwater acres Impaired 96.6 saltwater acres
Impaired 6,457.0 saltwater acres Supporting 44.1 freshwater miles
Supporting 75.4 freshwater miles Not Rated 5.6 coast miles
Not Rated 22.3 freshwater miles Impaired 4.7 coast miles
Not Rated 406.9 freshwater acres No Data 2,254.6 saltwater acres
No Data 2,859.2 saltwater acres No Data 269.1 freshwater miles
No Data 215.4 freshwater miles No Data 1,251.5 freshwater acres
No Data 844.5 freshwater acres No Data 12.5 coast miles
No Data 22.8 coast miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: Most stations since 1995, all sampled since 1998
Sampling relevance: Highly important estuary for fisheries productivity. Also receives point
source discharge and non-point source pollution.
AC - representative of riverine system
channel
HB - riverine station, upstream of
HB – upper estuary, upstream of
Wilmington
59
M35 – represents wide estuary
Sites given a good rating for dissolved oxygen include LVC2, AC, DP, IC, M35, M23 and M18
(Table 3.4.1). Sites having a fair rating for dissolved oxygen, with the percentage of samples
not meeting the standard shown in parentheses, are BRR (25%), M42 (17%) and SPD (17%).
Sites having poor rating for dissolved oxygen, with the percentage of samples not meeting the
standard shown in parentheses, are NAV (33%), HB (42%), M61 (33%) and M54 (33%).
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating in terms of chlorophyll a concentrations (Table
3.4.1). None of the sampled locations exceeded the 40 µg/L North Carolina State standard on
any sample occasion during 2006.
Sites within this subbassin rated as good quality for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations
include DP, IC, NAV, HB, BRR, M61, M35, M23, M18, SPD (Table 3.4.1). Sites having a fair
rating for Fecal coliform bacteria, with the percentage of samples not meeting the standard
shown in parentheses, are LVC2 (25%), AC (17%), M54 (17%) and M42 (17%). No sites had
a poor rating during 2006.
All the LCFRP sites in this subbasin had a good rating for field turbidity except M54 (rated fair
with 17% of samples above the standard) in the middle estuary (Table 3.4.1). The station NAV
and those upstream were evaluated using the NC State Standard for freshwater of 50 NTU
while all stations downstream of NAV were evaluated with the NC State Standard for brackish
waters of 25 NTU.
All the LCFRP sites in this subbasin had a good rating for nitrate and total phosphorus except
LVC2 (Table 3.4.1). LVC2 exceeded the standard for nitrate 17% of the time for a fair quality
status.
60
Table 3.4.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-17
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
LVC2 G G F G F G
AC G G F G G G
DP G G G G G G
IC G G G G G G
NAV P G G G G G
HB P G G G G G
BRR F G G G G G
M61 P G G G G G
M54 P G F F G G
M42 F G F G G G
M35 G G G G G G
M23 G G G G G G
M18 G G G G G G
SPD F G G G G G
61
Figure 3.4.1 Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/L) at NAV, HB and M61 for 2005. The
dashed line shows the NC State Standard of 5.0 mg/L.
0
2
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62
3.5 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-18
Location: South River headwaters above Dunn down to Black River
Counties: Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Johnston, Sampson
Waterbodies: South River, Mingo Swamp
Municipalities: Dunn, Roseboro
NPDES Dischargers: 2 @ 0.08 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 105
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #): SR (B8470000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
This subbasin is located on the inner coastal plain and includes the South River which
converges with the Great Coharie Creek to form the Black River, a major tributary of the Cape
SR
63
Fear River. Land use is primarily agriculture including row crops and concentrated animal
operations.
CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Not Rated 52.1 freshwater miles Supporting 52.1 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1,454.2 freshwater acres No Data 242.5 freshwater miles
No Data 242.5 freshwater miles No Data 1,454.2 freshwater acres
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: Since February 1996
Sampling relevance: Below City of Dunn, hog operations in watershed
SR – a slow black water tributary
SR was found to have a poor rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations (Table 3.5.1). The
North Carolina State Standard of 5.0 mg/L was not met 42% of the time and the swampwater
standard of 4.0 mg/L was not 33% of the time. The lowest levels were found in late summer
and early fall (Figure 3.5.1).
SR had a good rating for chlorophyll a, with no samples exceeding the 40 µg/L North Carolina
State Standard (Table 3.5.1).
SR had a fair water quality status for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations, exceeding the NC
State Standard of 200 CFU/100mL in 17% of samples (Table 3.5.1). The highest
concentrations were in August (3,000 CFU/100mL) and May (1200 CFU/100mL).
SR had a good rating for field turbidity, nitrate and total phosphorus (Table 3.5.1).
64
Table 3.5.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-18
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
SR P G G F G G
Figure 3.5.1 Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/L) at SR during 2006. The dashed line
shows the NC State Standard for swampwater of 4.0 mg/L.
65
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
66
3.6 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-19
Location: Three main tributaries of Black River near Clinton
Counties: Sampson
Waterbodies: Black River, Six Runs Ck., Great Coharie Ck., Little Coharie Ck.
Municipalities: Clinton, Newton Grove, Warsaw
NPDES Dischargers: 8 @ 6.8 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 374
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
LCO (B8610001), GCO (B8604000), 6RC (B8740000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
LC
GCO
6R
67
This subbasin is located in the coastal plain within Sampson County. Land adjacent to the
Black River is primarily undisturbed forest. There are numerous concentrated swine
operations within this subbasin.
CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 71.3 freshwater miles Supporting 153.0 freshwater miles
Not Rated 99.7 freshwater miles Not Rated 8.8 freshwater miles
No Data 338.4 freshwater miles No Data 347.6 freshwater miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Many concentrated animal operations (CAOs) within the watershed,
reference areas for point and nonpoint source pollution
GCO - blackwater stream, drains
riparian wetlands
LCO and 6RC had a good rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations, with one measurement
below the NC State Standard of 4.0 mg/L (Table 3.6.1). GCO had a fair rating for dissolved
oxygen concentrations, not meeting the swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L in 17% of the
samples.
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating for chlorophyll a and field turbidity
concentrations (Table 3.6.1).
GCO had a fair rating for fecal coliform bacteria with 17% of samples exceeding the NC State
human contact standard of 200 CFU/100mL (Table 3.6.1). Both LCO and 6RC had a good
rating for fecal coliform bacteria.
Nitrate levels were rated poor at 6RC and LCO, exceeding 200 µg/L in 67% and 58% of the
samples, respectively (Table 3.6.1, Figure 3.6.1). GCO had a fair rating for nitrate, having
nitrate levels above 200 µg/L in 17% of the samples.
68
Total phosphorus was rated good at 6RC and LCO, and rated fair at GCO with levels above
500 µg/L 17% of the time (Table 3.6.1).
Table 3.6.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-19
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
6RC G G G F P G
LCO G G G G P G
GCO F G G G F F
Figure 3.6.1 Nitrate concentrations (µg/L) at 6RC, LCO, and GCO during 2006. The dashed
line shows levels considered problematic in black water streams.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC
Ni
t
r
a
t
e
-
N
i
t
r
i
t
e
(
µg/
L
)
6RC
LCO
GCO
69
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
70
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
71
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
72
3.7 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-20
Location: Lower reach of Black River
Counties: Pender
Waterbodies: Black River, Colly Creek, Moores Creek
Municipalities: Town of White Lake, Currie, Atkinson
NPDES Dischargers: 2 at 0.82 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 18
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
COL (B8981000), B210 (B9000000), BBT (none)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
COL
B21
BBT
73
This subbasin is located on the coastal plain in Pender County and the land is mostly forested
with some agriculture. The streams in this watershed typically have acidic black waters. The
Black River in this area has been classified as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW)
(NCDENR DWQ Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, October 2005).
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 13.0 freshwater miles Supporting 34.9 freshwater miles
Not Rated 77.9 freshwater miles No Data 199.8 freshwater miles
Not Rated 576.0 freshwater acres No Data 576.0 freshwater miles
No Data 143.8 freshwater acres
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Colly Creek is a pristine swamp reference site, B210 and
BBT are middle and lower Black River sites
COL – blackwater stream, drains
large swamp area, very low pH
B210 - Black River at Hwy 210 bridge
74
All three sites had a good rating for dissolved oxygen when using the NC State swampwater
standard of 4.0 mg/L (Table 3.7.1).
Chlorophyll a and field turbidity concentrations were low for each site within this subbasin and
all sites had a good rating for these parameters (Table 3.7.1).
Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were generally low with COL rating as good and B210
rating as fair with samples exceeding the NC State standard 17% of the time (Table 3.7.1).
BBT samples were not analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria.
B210 rated good for nitrate concentrations and COL rated fair with samples exceeding the
UNCW AEL recommended stream standard of 200 µg/L 17% of the time. For total phosphorus
B210 and COL rated good (Table 3.7.1). BBT samples were not analyzed for total
phosphorus.
Table 3.7.1 UNCW AEL evaluation for subbasin 03-06-20
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
B210 G G G F G G
COL G G G G F G
BBT G G G na G na
75
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
76
3.8 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-21
Location: Headwaters of NE Cape Fear River below Mount Olive
Counties: Duplin, Wayne
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River
Municipalities: Mount Olive
NPDES Dischargers: 6 @ 1.4 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 75
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ#): NC403 (B9090000)
DWQ monitoring stations: NC403
This subbasin includes the headwaters of the Northeast Cape Fear River and small tributaries.
This section of the NE Cape Fear River is very slow moving and somewhat congested with
macrophytic growth. Most of the watershed is forested and there is significant agriculture in
the basin.
NC403
77
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 21.7 freshwater miles Supporting 57.3 freshwater miles
Not Rated 38.9 freshwater miles No Data 88.1 freshwater miles
No Data 84.7 freshwater miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: June 1997 – present
Sampling relevance: Below Mount Olive Pickle Plant
NC403 - slow moving headwaters of
NE Cape Fear River
NC403 had a poor rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations, not meeting the NC State
swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L in 33% of the samples (Table 3.8.1, Figure 3.8.1)
NC403 had a good rating for chlorophyll a, yet there is very high aquatic macrophyte biomass
present, often times completely covering and blocking the waterway (Table 3.8.1). As we have
noticed at several of our stations over the years, chlorophyll a, a measurement of
phytoplankton biomass, and often used as an indicator of eutrophic conditions, is not always
adequate to determine problematic conditions with regard to aquatic flora.
Field turbidity was rated as good at NC 403 (Table 3.8.1).
NC403 had a fair rating for fecal coliform bacteria with samples exceeding the NC State
standard for human contact (200 cfu/100 mL) 25% of the time.
High nitrate levels at NC403 led to a poor rating, with nitrate concentrations >200 µg/L for 50%
of the samples (Table 3.8.1, Figure 3.8.1). UNCW AEL researchers are concerned about the
elevated nitrate levels that are periodically found at this site since these levels increase the
likelihood of algal blooms and excessive aquatic macrophyte growth. Total phosphorus
concentrations exceeded the UNCW AEL recommended harmful level on three occasions,
giving this site a fair rating.
78
Table 3.8.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-21
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
NC403 P G G F P F
Figure 3.8.1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and nitrate (µg/L) concentrations at NC403 during
2006. The dashed lines show the NC State DO standard of 4.0 mg/L for swampwater and the
UNCW AEL recommended level of 200 µg/L for nitrate.
79
3.9 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-22
Location: NE Cape Fear River and tributaries in the vicinity of Kenansville
Counties: Duplin
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River, Rockfish Creek
Municipalities: Beulaville, Kenansville, Rose Hill and Wallace
NPDES Dischargers: 13 @ 9.9 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 449
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
PB (B9130000), GS (B9191000), SAR (B9191500), LRC (9460000)
ROC (B9430000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
PB
GS
SAR
ROC
LRC
80
Land coverage in this watershed is mostly forested with significant agriculture, including row
crops and a dense concentration of animal operations (poultry and swine).
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plans lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 51.1 freshwater miles Supporting 73.2 freshwater miles
Not Rated 72.1 freshwater miles Not Rated 3.0 freshwater miles
Impaired 50.1 freshwater miles No Data 505.9 freshwater miles
No Data 408.8 freshwater miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Below point and non-point source discharges
PB – slow moving swamp-like
stream
ROC - Rockfish Creek below
Wallace
81
All sites in this subbasin were rated using the dissolved oxygen NC State swampwater
standard of 4.0 mg/L. SAR, PB, LRC and ROC all had a good rating (Table 3.9.1). GS had a
poor rating with DO values dropping below the standard 50% of the time.
All sites had a good rating for field turbidity concentrations (Table 3.9.1). Mean levels were
less than 10 NTU for all sites within this subbasin for the 2006.
For chlorophyll a concentrations all sites had a good rating, with no value exceeding the NC
State standard of 40 µg/L (Table 3.9.1).
For fecal coliform bacteria concentrations, using the NC State standard of 200 CFU/100 mL for
human contact, GS had a fair rating (Table 3.9.1). SAR, PB, LRC and ROC all had a poor
rating with 67%, 50%, 33% and 33% of samples above the standard, respectively. Fecal
coliform bacteria concentrations are shown graphically in Figure 3.9.1.
For nitrate, GS had a fair rating (Table 3.9.1). SAR, PB, LRC, and ROC all had a poor rating
with levels exceeding the UNCW AEL standard (200 µg/L) 50%, 50%, 42% and 58% of the
time, respectively. Nitrate levels for SAR, PB, LRC and ROC are shown graphically in Figure
3.9.2.
For total phosphorus all sites had a good rating (Table 3.9.1).
Table 3.9.1 UNCW AEL 2006 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-22
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
SAR G G G P P G
GS P G G F F G
PB G G G P P G
LRC G G G P P G
ROC G G G P P G
82
Figure 3.9.1 Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations (CFU/100mL) during 2006. The dashed
line is the NC State Standard for human contact of 200 cfu/100mL.
Figure 3.9.2 Nitrate-N concentrations (µg/L) at SAR, PB, LRC and ROC during 2006. The
dashed line represents the UNCW AEL suggested threshold for good water quality.
83
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
84
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
85
3.10 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-23
Location: Area near Burgaw and Angola swamp
Counties: Pender
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River,Burgaw Creek
Municipalities: Burgaw
NPDES Dischargers: 7 @ 3.8 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 52
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
ANC (69), BCRR (82), BC117 (83), NCF117 (84), NCF6 (85)
DWQ monitoring stations: NCF117
ANCBCRR BC117
NCF117
NCF6
86
This subbasin is located in the outer coastal plain where many streams are slow flowing
blackwater streams that often dry up during the summer months. Most of the watershed is
forested with some agriculture and increasing human development.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 73.8 freshwater miles Supporting 39.5 freshwater miles
Not Rated 36.8 freshwater miles Supporting 1.0 saltwater acre
Impaired 23.4 freshwater miles Not Rated 11.6 freshwater miles
Not Rated 8.3 freshwater miles No Data 324.5 freshwater miles
No Data 233.2 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1.0 saltwater acre
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: NCF117 & NCF6 since June 1995, others from February 1996
Sampling relevance: point and non-point source dischargers
ANC - Angola Creek
BC117 - Burgaw Canal at US 117
87
NCF117 - Northeast Cape Fear River at
at US117
This subbasin had extensive dissolved oxygen problems with BC117 and BCRR having a good
rating when using the 4.0 mg/L standard (Table 3.10.1). ANC, NCF6 and SC-CH had a fair
rating with sub-standard samples 25%, 25% and 27% of the time, respectively. NCF117 had a
poor rating, with substandard samples 33% of the time. DO levels for NCF117 are seen in
Figure 3.10.1.
NCF6 and SC-CH had fair ratings for field turbidity, while all other sites were rated good (Table
3.10.1).
All sites in this subbasin had a good rating for chlorophyll a with averages for 2006 well below
the standard of 40 µg/L.
For fecal coliform bacteria, NCF6 had a good rating (Table 3.10.1). ANC, NCF117 and
SC-CH had a fair rating, exceeding the human contact standard 25%, 17% and 27% of the
time, respectively. BC117 and BCRR had a poor rating, exceeding the standard 67% and 75%
of the time. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations for BCRR and BC117 are shown in Figure
3.10.2.
Nutrient loading of nitrate and total phosphorus was problematic at BC117 which had a poor
rating for both (Table 3.10.1). BC117 had the highest nitrate and tp levels seen in the LCFRP
system. These levels were far above the concentrations known to lead to algal bloom
formation, bacterial increases and increased biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in blackwater
streams (Mallin et al. 2001, Mallin et al. 2002).
88
Table 3.10.1 UNCW AEL evaluation for subbasin 03-06-23
Station Dissolved Oxygen Field Turbidity Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
ANC F G G F F G
BC117 G G G P P P
BCRR G G G P G G
NCF117 P G G F G G
NCF6 F F G G G G
SC-CH F F G F na na
Figure 3.10.1 Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/L) at NCF117for 2006. The dashed
line shows NC State swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L.
89
Figure 3.10.2 Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations (CFU/100mL) at BC117 and BCRR
during 2006. The dashed line shows the NC State Standard for human contact waters of 200
CFU/100mL.
90
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
91
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
92
3.11 References Cited
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 2001. Effect of nitrogen and
phosphorus loading on plankton in Coastal Plain blackwater streams. Journal of Freshwater
Ecology 16:455-466.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver and S.H. Ensign. 2002. Seeking science-based
nutrient standards for coastal blackwater stream systems. Report No. 341. Water
Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M. A., M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign and L.B. Cahoon. 2004. Photosynthetic and
heterotrophic impacts of nutrient loading to blackwater streams. Ecological Applications14:
823-838.
NCDENR-DWQ (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Division
of Water Quality), Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. July 2000, Raleigh, N.C.
NCDENR-DWQ (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Division
of Water Quality), Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. October 2005, Raleigh,
N.C.