Lower Cape Fear River Program 2007 reportEnvironmental Assessment of the Lower
Cape Fear River System, 2007
By
Michael A. Mallin, Matthew R. McIver and James F. Merritt
December 2008
CMS Report No. 08-03
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Wilmington, N.C. 28409
Executive Summary
Multiparameter water sampling for the Lower Cape Fear River Program (LCFRP) has
been ongoing since June 1995. Scientists from the University of North Carolina
Wilmington (UNCW) perform the sampling effort. The LCFRP currently encompasses
36 water sampling stations throughout the Cape Fear, Black, and Northeast Cape Fear
River watersheds. The LCFRP sampling program includes physical, chemical, and
biological water quality measurements and analyses of the benthic and epibenthic
macroinvertebrate communities, and has in the past included assessment of the fish
communities. Principal conclusions of the UNCW researchers conducting these
analyses are presented below, with emphasis on the period January - December 2007.
The opinions expressed are those of UNCW scientists and do not necessarily reflect
viewpoints of individual contributors to the Lower Cape Fear River Program.
The mainstem lower Cape Fear River is a 6th order stream characterized by periodically
turbid water containing moderate to high levels of inorganic nutrients. It is fed by two
large 5th order blackwater rivers (the Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers) that have
low levels of turbidity, but highly colored water with less inorganic nutrient content than
the mainstem. While nutrients are reasonably high in the river channels, major algal
blooms are rare because light is attenuated by water color or turbidity, and flushing is
high. During periods of low flow, however, algal biomass as chlorophyll a increases in
the river because lower flow causes settling of more solids and improves light conditions
for algal growth. Periodically algal blooms are seen in the tributary stream stations,
some of which are impacted by point source discharges. Below some point sources,
nutrient loading can be high and fecal coliform contamination occurs. Other stream
stations drain blackwater swamps or agricultural areas, some of which periodically show
elevated pollutant loads or effects.
Average annual dissolved oxygen (DO) levels at the river channel stations for 2007
were similar to the average for 1996-2006. Dissolved oxygen levels were lowest during
the summer, often falling below the state standard of 5.0 mg/L at several river and
upper estuary stations. There is a dissolved oxygen sag in the main river channel that
begins at Station DP below a paper mill discharge and near the Black River input, and
persists into the mesohaline portion of the estuary. Mean oxygen levels were highest at
the upper river stations NC11 and AC and in the middle to lower estuary at stations M42
to M23. Lowest mainstem mean 2007 DO levels occurred at the lower river and upper
estuary stations DP, IC, NAV, HB, BRR and M61 (6.2-6.9 mg/L). As the water reaches
the lower estuary higher algal productivity, mixing and ocean dilution help alleviate
oxygen problems. This low water year had several river/estuary stations that we rate
poor in dissolved oxygen (less than 5.0 mg/L on > 25% of occasions sampled); DP, IC,
NAV and M61.
The Northeast Cape Fear and Black Rivers generally have lower DO levels than the
mainstem Cape Fear River. These rivers are classified as blackwater systems because
of their tea colored water. Whereas the Northeast Cape Fear River often seems to be
more oxygen stressed than the Black River in 2007, Stations NCF117 and B210 had
very similar average DO concentrations (6.6 and 6.7 mg/L, respectively). Several
stream stations were severely stressed in terms of low dissolved oxygen during the year
2007. Stations GS, NC403 and BCRR had DO levels below 4.0 mg/L 50% of the
occasions sampled, with ANC 58%, LVC2 42% and HAM 17%. Smith Creek had DO
levels below 5.0 mg/L 17% of the time. Considering all sites sampled in 2007, we rated
28% as poor for dissolved oxygen, 14% as fair, and 58% as good.
Annual mean turbidity levels for 2007 were considerably lower than the long-term
average, probably a result of low rainfall and lower river discharge. Highest mean
turbidities were at NAV (22 NTU), then the upper river sites N11, AC and DP (19-20
NTU) with turbidities gradually decreasing downstream through the estuary. Turbidity
was lower in the blackwater tributaries (Northeast Cape Fear River and Black River)
than in the mainstem river, and were low in general in the lower order streams.
Regarding stream stations, chronic or periodic high nutrient levels were found at a
number of sites, including BC117, ROC, 6RC, GCO, NC403, LVC2 and PB. Algal
blooms occurred at a number of stream stations in 2007, occurring from May through
October particularly at Stations GS, NC403, PB, SR and BCRR. This was a
considerable increase over 2006, possibly a result of lower flow (better bloom formation
conditions for phytoplankton) yet sufficient nitrogen and phosphorus availability.
Several stream stations, particularly GS, NC403, PB, BCRR, BC117, 6RC, BRN and
HAM showed high fecal coliform bacteria counts on a number of occasions.
Periodically biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations in several Northeast
Cape Fear River watershed stream stations (especially N403, GS, ANC) and Station
LVC2 in the Cape Fear Watershed were elevated (BOD5 3.0 mg/L or greater).
Collection of water column metals was suspended in early 2007 as they are no longer
required by NC DWQ.
This report includes an in-depth look at each subbasin, comparing the results of the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality's 2005 Basinwide Management Plan use
support ratings with the UNCW-Aquatic Ecology Laboratory’s (AEL) assessments of the
2007 sampling year. The UNCW-AEL utilized ratings that consider a water body to be
of poor quality if the water quality standard for a given parameter is in violation > 25% of
the time, of fair quality if the standard is in violation between 11 and 25% of the time,
and good quality if the standard is violated no more than 10% of the time. UNCW also
considerers nutrient loading in water quality assessments, based on published
experimental and field scientific findings.
For the 2007 period UNCW rated 91% of the stations as good in terms of chlorophyll a,
with one (SR) rated as poor and two (PB and BCRR) rated as fair. For turbidity 100% of
the sites were rated good. Fecal coliform bacteria counts showed a marked
improvement in 2007 compared to 2006, with only 41% of the sites rated as poor or fair
compared with 57% in 2006. This decrease was probably a result of drought conditions
and less stormwater runoff entering the system. Using the 5.0 mg/L DO standard for
the mainstem river stations, and the 4.0 mg/L “swamp water” DO standard for the
stream stations and blackwater river stations, 50% of the sites were rated poor or fair for
dissolved oxygen, slightly more than in 2006. In addition, by our UNCW standards
excessive nitrate and phosphorus concentrations were problematic at a number of
stations (Chapter 3).
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................………...............…........1
1.1 Site Description................................................………....................................2
1.2 Report Organization………………………………………………………………..3
2.0 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the Lower Cape Fear River
and Estuary………………………………………………..…………………….....….. ….8
Physical Parameters..…......................………..........................................……....11
Chemical Parameters…....……..……….........................................................…..14
Biological Parameters.......……….....……......................................................…..16
3.0 Water Quality by Subbasin in the Lower Cape Fear River System…………………45
1.0 Introduction
Michael A. Mallin
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
The Lower Cape Fear River Program is a unique science and education program that
has a mission to develop an understanding of processes that control and influence the
ecology of the Cape Fear River, and to provide a mechanism for information exchange
and public education. This program provides a forum for dialogue among the various
Cape Fear River user groups and encourages interaction among them. Overall policy is
set by an Advisory Board consisting of representatives from citizen’s groups, local
government, industries, academia, the business community, and regulatory agencies.
This report represents the scientific conclusions of the UNCW researchers participating
in this program and does not necessarily reflect opinions of all other program
participants. This report focuses on the period January through December 2007.
The scientific basis of the LCFRP consists of the implementation of an ongoing
comprehensive physical, chemical, and biological monitoring program. Another part of
the mission is to develop and maintain a data base on the Cape Fear basin and make
use of this data to develop management plans. Presently the program has amassed a
twelve-year (1995-2007) data base freely available to the public. Using this monitoring
data as a framework the program goals also include focused scientific projects and
investigation of pollution episodes. The scientific aspects of the program are carried out
by investigators from the University of North Carolina Wilmington Center for Marine
Science. The monitoring program was developed by the Lower Cape Fear River
Program Technical Committee, which consists of representatives from UNCW, the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, The NC Division of Marine Fisheries, the US
Army Corps of Engineers, technical representatives from streamside industries, the City
of Wilmington Wastewater Treatment Plants, Cape Fear Community College, Cape
Fear River Watch, the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, the US
Geological Survey, forestry and agriculture organizations, and others. This integrated
and cooperative program was the first of its kind in North Carolina.
Broad-scale monthly water quality sampling at 16 stations in the estuary and lower river
system began in June 1995 (directed by Dr. Michael Mallin). Sampling was increased
to 34 stations in February of 1996, 35 stations in February 1998, and 36 stations in
2005. The Lower Cape Fear River Program added another component concerned with
studying the benthic macrofauna of the system in 1996. This component is directed by
Dr. Martin Posey and Mr. Troy Alphin of the UNCW Biology Department and includes
the benefit of additional data collected by the Benthic Ecology Laboratory under Sea
Grant and NSF sponsored projects in the Cape Fear Estuary. The third major biotic
component (added in January 1996) was an extensive fisheries program directed by Dr.
Mary Moser of the UNCW Center for Marine Science Research, with subsequent (1999)
overseeing by Mr. Michael Williams and Dr. Thomas Lankford of UNCW-CMS. This
program involved cooperative sampling with the North Carolina Division of Marine
1
Fisheries and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. The fisheries
program ended in December 1999, but was renewed with additional funds from the Z.
Smith Reynolds Foundation from spring – winter 2000, and has been operational
periodically for special projects since that period. The regular sampling that was
conducted by UNCW biologists was assumed by the North Carolina Division of Marine
Fisheries.
1.1. Site Description
The mainstem of the Cape Fear River is formed by the merging of the Haw and the
Deep Rivers in Chatham County in the North Carolina Piedmont. However, its drainage
basin reaches as far upstream as the Greensboro area (Fig. 1.1). The mainstem of the
river has been altered by the construction of several dams and water control structures.
In the coastal plain, the river is joined by two major tributaries, the Black and the
Northeast Cape Fear Rivers (Fig. 1.1). These 5th order blackwater streams drain
extensive riverine swamp forests and add organic color to the mainstem. The
watershed (about 9,149 square miles) is the most heavily industrialized in North
Carolina with 244 permitted wastewater discharges with a permitted flow of
approximately 425 million gallons per day, and (as of 2000) over 1.83 million people
residing in the basin (NCDENR 2005). Approximately 24% of the land use in the
watershed is devoted to agriculture and livestock production (NCDENR 2005), with
livestock production dominated by swine and poultry operations. Thus, the watershed
receives considerable point and non-point source loading of pollutants. However, the
estuary is a well-flushed system, with flushing time ranging from 1 to 22 days with a
median flushing time of about seven days, much shorter than the other large N.C.
estuaries to the north (Ensign et al. 2004).
Water quality is monitored by boat at ten stations in the Cape Fear Estuary (from
Navassa to Southport) and one station in the Northeast Cape Fear Estuary (Table 1.1;
Fig. 1.1). Riverine stations sampled by boat include NC11, AC, DP, IC, and BBT (Table
1.1; Fig. 1.1). NC11 is located upstream of any major point source discharges in the
lower river and estuary system, and is considered to be representative of water quality
entering the lower system. BBT is located on the Black River between Thoroughfare
and the mainstem Cape Fear, and is influenced by both rivers. We consider B210 and
NCF117 to represent water quality entering the lower Black and Northeast Cape Fear
Rivers, respectively. Data has also been collected at stream and river stations
throughout the Cape Fear, Northeast Cape Fear, and Black River watersheds (Table
1.1; Fig. 1.1). Data collection at a station in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway was
initiated in February 1998 to obtain water quality information near the Southport
Wastewater Treatment Plant discharge, and there is one station sampled on Smith
Creek at Castle Hayne Road (Table 1.1).
2
1.2. Report Organization
This report contains two sections assessing LCFRP data. Section 2 presents an
overview of physical, chemical, and biological water quality data from the 36 individual
stations, and provides tables of raw data as well as figures showing spatial or temporal
trends. In Section 3 we analyze our data by sub-basin, compare our results with NC
DWQ's 2005 Basinwide Plan, and make water quality ratings for dissolved oxygen,
turbidity, chlorophyll a, metals, and fecal coliform bacterial abundance. We also utilize
other relevant parameters such as nutrient concentrations to aid in these assessments.
This section is designed so that residents of a particular sub-basin can see what the
water quality is like in his or her area based on LCFRP data collections.
The LCFRP has a website that contains maps and an extensive amount of past water
quality, benthos, and fisheries data gathered by the Program available at:
www.uncw.edu/cmsr/aquaticecology/lcfrp/
References Cited
Ensign, S.H., J.N. Halls and M.A. Mallin. 2004. Application of digital bathymetry data in
an analysis of flushing times of two North Carolina estuaries. Computers and
Geosciences 30:501-511.
NCDENR. 2005. Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan. North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water
Quality/Planning, Raleigh, NC, 27699-1617.
3
Table 1.1. Description of sampling locations in the Cape Fear Watershed, 2007,
including UNCW designation and NCDWQ station designation number.
________________________________________________________________
UNCW St. DWQ No. Location
________________________________________________________________
High order river and estuary stations
NC11 B8360000 At NC 11 bridge on Cape Fear River (CFR)
GPS N 34.39663 W 78.26785
AC B8450000 5 km downstream from International Paper on CFR
GPS N 34.35547 W 78.17942
DP B8460000 At Dupont Intake above Black River
GPS N 34.33595 W 78.05337
IC B9030000 Cluster of dischargers upstream of Indian Cr. on CFR
GPS N 34.30207 W 78.01372
B210 B9000000 Black River at Highway 210 bridge
GPS N 34.43138 W 78.14462
BBT none Black River between Thoroughfare and Cape Fear River
GPS N 34.35092 W 78.04857
NCF117 B9580000 Northeast Cape Fear River at Highway 117, Castle Hayne
GPS N 34.36342 W 77.89678
NCF6 B9670000 Northeast Cape Fear River near GE dock
GPS N 34.31710 W 77.95383
NAV B9050000 Railroad bridge over Cape Fear River at Navassa
GPS N 34.25943 W 77.98767
HB B9050100 Cape Fear River at Horseshoe Bend
GPS N 34.24372 W 77.96980
BRR B9790000 Brunswick River at John Long Park in Belville
GPS N 34.22138 W 77.97868
M61 B9750000 Channel Marker 61, downtown at N.C. State Port
GPS N 34.19377 W 77.95725
4
M54 B7950000 Channel Marker 54, 5 km downstream of Wilmington
GPS N 34.13933 W 77.94595
M42 B9845100 Channel Marker 42 near Keg Island
GPS N 34.09017 W 77.93355
M35 B9850100 Channel Marker 35 near Olde Brunswick Towne
GPS N 34.03408 W 77.93943
M23 B9910000 Channel Marker 23 near CP&L intake canal
GPS N 33.94560 W 77.96958
M18 B9921000 Channel Marker 18 near Southport
GPS N 33.91297 W 78.01697
SPD B9980000 1000 ft W of Southport WWT plant discharge on ICW
GPS N 33.91708 W 78.03717
________________________________________________________________
Stream stations collected from land
________________________________________________________________
SR B8470000 South River at US 13, below Dunn runoff
GPS N 35.15600 W 78.64013
GCO B8604000 Great Coharie Creek at SR 1214
GPS N 34.91857 W 78.38873
LCO B8610001 Little Coharie Creek at SR 1207
GPS N 34.83473 W 78.37087
6RC B8740000 Six Runs Creek at SR 1003 (Lisbon Rd.)
GPS N 34.79357 W 78.31192
BRN B8340050 Browns Creek at NC 87
GPS N 34.61360 W 78.58462
HAM B8340200 Hammonds Creek at SR 1704
GPS N 34.56853 W 78.55147
LVC2 B8441000 on Livingston Creek near Acme
GPS N 34.33530 W 78.2011
COL B8981000 Colly Creek at NC 53
GPS N 34.46500 W 78.26553
5
ANC B9490000 Angola Creek at NC 53
GPS N 34.65705 W 77.73485
NC403 B9090000 Northeast Cape Fear below Mt. Olive Pickle at NC403
GPS N 35.17838 W 77.98028
PB B9130000 Panther Branch below Bay Valley Foods
GPS N 35.13445 W 78.13630
GS B9191000 Goshen Swamp at NC 11
GPS N 35.02923 W 77.85143
SAR B9191500 Northeast Cape Fear River near Sarecta
GPS N 34.97970 W 77.86251
LRC B9460000 Little Rockfish Creek at NC 11
GPS N 34.72247 W 77.98145
ROC B9430000 Rockfish Creek at US 117
GPS N 34.71689 W 77.97961
BCRR B9500000 Burgaw Canal at Wright St., above WWTP
GPS N 34.56334 W 77.93481
BC117 B9520000 Burgaw Canal at US 117, below WWTP
GPS N 34.56391 W 77.92210
SC-CH B9720000 Smith Creek at Castle Hayne Rd.
GPS N 34.25897 W 77.93872
6
Figure 1.1 Map of the Lower Cape Fear River system and the LCFRP sampling stations.
7
2.0 - Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of the
Lower Cape Fear River and Estuary
Michael A. Mallin and Matthew R. McIver
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
2.1 - Introduction
This section of the report includes a discussion of the physical, chemical, and biological
water quality parameters, concentrating on the January-December 2007 Lower Cape Fear
River Program monitoring period. These parameters are interdependent and define the
overall condition of the river. Physical parameters measured during this study included
water temperature, dissolved oxygen, field turbidity and laboratory turbidity, total
suspended solids (TSS), salinity, conductivity, pH and light attenuation. The chemical
makeup of the Cape Fear River was investigated by measuring the magnitude and
composition of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. Three biological parameters
including fecal coliform bacteria, chlorophyll a and biochemical oxygen demand were
examined.
2.2 - Materials and Methods
All samples and field parameters collected for the estuarine stations of the Cape Fear
River (NAV down through M18) were gathered on an ebb tide. This was done so that the
data better represented the river water flowing downstream through the system rather than
the tidal influx of coastal ocean water. Sample collection and analyses were conducted
according to the procedures in the Lower Cape Fear River Program Quality
Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) manual. Technical Representatives from the LCFRP
Technical Committee and representatives from the NC Division of Water Quality inspect
UNCW laboratory procedures and periodically accompany field teams to verify proper
procedures are followed. We note that our previous Livingston Creek station (LVC) has
been discontinued and a new station sampled from the dock of the Wright Chemical
Company near Acme (LVC2) was put into operation in 2005.
Physical Parameters
Water Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity, Salinity, Conductivity
Field parameters were measured at each site using a YSI 6920 (or 6820) multi-parameter
water quality sonde displayed on a YSI 650 MDS. Each parameter is measured with
individual probes on the sonde. At stations sampled by boat (see Table 1.1) physical
parameters were measured at 0.1 m, the middle of the water column, and at the bottom
(up to 12 m). Occasionally, high flow prohibited the sonde from reaching the actual bottom
and measurements were taken as deep as possible. At the terrestrially sampled stations
the physical parameters were measured at a depth of 0.1 m. Our laboratory at the UNCW
8
CMS is State-certified by the N.C. Division of Water Quality to perform field parameter
measurements.
Chemical Parameters
Nutrients
All nutrient analyses were performed at the UNCW Center for Marine Science (CMS) for
samples collected prior to January 1996. A local State-certified analytical laboratory was
contracted to conduct all subsequent analyses except for orthophosphate, which is
performed at CMS. The following methods detail the techniques used by CMS personnel
for orthophosphate analysis.
Orthophosphate (PO4-3)
Water samples were collected ca. 0.1 m below the surface in triplicate in amber 125 mL
Nalgene plastic bottles and placed on ice. In the laboratory 50 mL of each triplicate was
filtered through separate1.0 micron pre-combusted glass fiber filters, which were frozen
and later analyzed for chlorophyll a. The triplicate filtrates were pooled in a glass flask,
mixed thoroughly, and approximately 100 mL was poured into a 125 mL plastic bottle to be
analyzed for orthophosphate. Samples were frozen until analysis.
Orthophosphate analyses were performed in duplicate using an approved US EPA method
for the Bran-Lubbe AutoAnalyzer (Method 365.5). In this technique the orthophosphate in
each sample reacts with ammonium molybdate and anitmony potassium tartrate in an
acidic medium (sulfuric acid) to form an anitmony-phospho-molybdate complex. The
complex is then reacted with ascorbic acid and forms a deep blue color. The intensity of
the color is measured at a wavelength of 880 nm by a colorimeter and displayed on a chart
recorder. Standards and spiked samples were analyzed for quality assurance.
Biological Parameters
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Fecal coliform bacteria were analyzed at a State-certified laboratory contracted by the
LCFRP. Samples were collected approximately 0.1 m below the surface in sterile plastic
bottles provided by the contract laboratory and placed on ice for no more than six hours
before analysis.
Chlorophyll a
The analytical method used to measure chlorophyll a is described in Welschmeyer (1994)
and US EPA (1997) and was performed by CMS personnel. Chlorophyll a concentrations
were determined directly from the 1.0 micron filters used for filtering samples for
orthophosphate analysis. All filters were wrapped individually in foil, placed in airtight
containers and stored in the freezer. During analysis each filter is immersed in 10 mL of
9
90% acetone for 24 hours, which extracts the chlorophyll a into solution. Additionally,
filters from samples taken at M61, M18, BC117 and BCRR are ground during the
extraction process. Chlorophyll a concentration of each solution is measured on a Turner
10-AU fluorometer. The fluorometer uses an optimal combination of excitation and
emission bandwidth filters which reduces the errors inherent in the acidification technique.
Our laboratory at the CMS is State-certified by the N.C. Division of Water Quality for the
analysis of chlorophyll a.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Five sites were originally chosen for BOD analysis. One site was located at NC11,
upstream of International Paper, and a second site was at AC, about 3 miles downstream
of International Paper (Fig.1.1). Two sites were located in blackwater rivers (NCF117 and
B210) and one site (BBT) was situated in an area influenced by both the mainstem Cape
Fear River and the Black River. For the sampling period May 2000-April 2004 additional
BOD data were collected at stream stations 6RC, LCO, GCO, BRN, HAM and COL in the
Cape Fear and Black River watersheds. In May 2004 those stations were dropped and
sampling commenced at ANC, SAR, GS, N403, ROC and BC117 in the Northeast Cape
Fear River watershed. The procedure used for BOD analysis was Method 5210 in
Standard Methods (APHA 1995). Samples were analyzed for both 5-day and 20-day
BOD. During the analytical period, samples were kept in airtight bottles and placed in an
incubator at 20o C. All experiments were initiated within 6 hours of sample collection.
Samples were analyzed in duplicate. Dissolved oxygen measurements were made using
a YSI Model 57 meter that was air-calibrated. No adjustments were made for pH since
most samples exhibited pH values within or very close to the desired 6.5-7.5 range (pH is
monitored during the analysis as well). Several sites have naturally low pH and there was
no adjustment for these samples because it would alter the natural water chemistry and
affect true BOD.
2.3 - Results and Discussion
This section includes results from monitoring of the physical, biological, and chemical
parameters at all stations for the time period January-December 2007. Discussion of the
data focuses mainly on the river channel stations, but poor water quality conditions at
stream stations will also be discussed. The contributions of the two large blackwater
tributaries, the Northeast Cape Fear River and the Black River, are represented by
conditions at NCF117 and B210, respectively. The Cape Fear Region did not experience
any significant hurricane activity during this monitoring period (after major hurricanes in
1996, 1998, and 1999). Therefore this report reflects low to medium flow conditions for the
Cape Fear River and Estuary, with the summer and fall periods representing drought
conditions.
10
Physical Parameters
Water temperature
Water temperatures at all stations ranged from 2.8 to 32.4oC and individual station annual
averages ranged from 16.7 to 20.4oC (Table 2.1). Highest temperatures occurred during
July and August and lowest temperatures during February. Stream stations were
generally cooler than river stations, most likely because of shading and lower nighttime air
temperatures affecting the shallower waters.
Salinity
Salinity at the estuarine stations ranged from 0.0 to 35.5 practical salinity units (psu) and
station annual means ranged from 6.8 to 30.3 psu (Table 2.2), considerably higher than in
2006. Lowest salinities occurred in January and highest salinities occurred in October.
Two stream stations, NC403 and PB, had occasional oligohaline conditions due to
discharges from pickle production facilities. Annual mean salinity for 2007 was
considerably higher than that of the eleven-year average for 1996-2006 for all stations
(Figure 2.1), due to drought-induced low runoff and discharge conditions.
Conductivity
Conductivity at the estuarine stations ranged from 0.07 to 53.74 mS/cm and from 0.0 to
13.05 mS/cm at the freshwater stations (Table 2.3). Temporal conductivity patterns
followed those of salinity. Dissolved ionic compounds increase the conductance of water,
therefore, conductance increases and decreases with salinity, often reflecting river flow
conditions due to rainfall. Conductivity may also reveal point source pollution sources, as
is seen at BC117, which is below a municipal wastewater discharge. Stations PB and
NC403 are below industrial discharges, and often have elevated conductivity. Smith Creek
(SC-CH) is an estuarine tidal creek and the conductivity values reflect this (Table 2.3).
pH
pH values ranged from 4.0 to 8.4 and station annual medians ranged from 4.3 to 8.0
(Table 2.4). pH was typically lowest upstream due to acidic swamp water inputs and
highest downstream as alkaline seawater mixes with the river water. Low pH values at
COL predominate because of naturally acidic blackwater inputs.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) problems are a major water quality concern in the lower Cape Fear
River and its estuary, and several of the tributary streams (Mallin et al. 1999; 2000; 2001a;
2001b; 2002a; 2002b; 2003; 2004; 2005a; 2006a; 2006b; 2007). Surface concentrations
in 2007 ranged from 0.3 to 12.1 mg/L and station annual means ranged from 4.3 to 9.1
mg/L (Table 2.5). Average annual DO levels at the river channel stations for 2007 were
very similar to the average for 1996-2006 (Figure 2.2). River dissolved oxygen levels were
11
lowest during the summer and early fall (Table 2.5), often falling below the state standard
of 5.0 mg/L at several river and upper estuary stations. Working synergistically to lower
oxygen levels are two factors: lower oxygen carrying capacity in warmer water and
increased bacterial respiration (or biochemical oxygen demand, BOD), due to higher
temperatures in summer. Unlike other large North Carolina estuaries (the Neuse, Pamlico
and New River) the Cape Fear estuary rarely suffers from dissolved oxygen stratification.
This is because despite salinity stratification the oxygen remains well mixed due to strong
estuarine gravitational circulation and high freshwater inputs (Lin et al. 2006). Thus,
hypoxia in the Cape Fear is present throughout the water column.
There is a dissolved oxygen sag in the main river channel that begins at DP below a paper
mill discharge and persists into the mesohaline portion of the estuary (Fig. 2.2). Mean
oxygen levels were highest at the upper river stations NC11 and AC and in the middle to
lower estuary at stations M23 and M18. Lowest mainstem mean 2007 DO levels occurred
at the lower river and upper estuary stations IC, NAV, HB, BRR and M61 (6.2-6.9 mg/L).
Discharge of high BOD waste from the paper/pulp mill just above the AC station (Mallin et
al. 2003), as well as inflow of blackwater from the Northeast Cape Fear and Black Rivers,
help to diminish oxygen in the upper estuary. Additionally, algal blooms periodically form
behind Lock and Dam #1, and the chlorophyll a they produce is strongly correlated with
BOD at Station NC11 (Mallin et al. 2006b); thus the blooms do contribute to lower DO in
the river. As the water reaches the lower estuary higher algal productivity, mixing and
ocean dilution help alleviate oxygen problems.
The Northeast Cape Fear and Black Rivers generally have lower DO levels than the
mainstem Cape Fear River (NCF117 2007 mean = 6.6, NCF6 = 6.6, B210 2007 mean =
6.7). These rivers are classified as blackwater systems because of their tea colored water.
As the water passes through swamps en route to the river channel, tannins from decaying
vegetation leach into the water, resulting in the observed color. Decaying vegetation on
the swamp floor has an elevated biochemical oxygen demand and usurps oxygen from the
water, leading to naturally low dissolved oxygen levels. Runoff from concentrated animal
feeding operations (CAFOs) may also contribute to chronic low dissolved oxygen levels in
these blackwater rivers (Mallin et al. 1998; 1999; 2006; Mallin 2000); phosphorus and
nitrogen levels are positively correlated with BOD in the blackwater rivers and their major
tributaries 9Mallin et al. 2006b).
Whereas in the past the Northeast Cape Fear River has often been more oxygen stressed
than the Black River, in 2007 Stations NCF117 and B210 had very similar average DO
concentrations (6.6 and 6.7 mg/L, respectively). Several stream stations were severely
stressed in terms of low dissolved oxygen during the year 2007. Stations GS, NC403 and
BCRR had DO levels below 4.0 mg/L 50% of the occasions sampled, with ANC 58%,
LVC2 42%, and HAM 17% (Table 2.5). Smith Creek had DO levels below 5.0 mg/L 17%
of the time. Some of this can be attributed to low water conditions and some potentially to
CAFO runoff; however point-source discharges also likely contribute to low dissolved
oxygen levels at NC403 and possibly SR, especially via nutrient loading (Mallin et al.
2001a; 2002a; 2004). Hypoxia is thus a widespread problem, with 50% of the sites
impacted in 2007.
12
Field Turbidity
Field turbidity levels ranged from 0 to 80 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and station
annual means ranged from 3 to 22 NTU (Table 2.6). Annual mean turbidity levels for 2007
were considerably lower than the long-term average (Fig. 2.3) probably a result of
generally low rainfall and a lack of major stormwater runoff activity. Highest mean
turbidities were at NAV (22 NTU) followed by the upper river sites N11, AC and DP (19-20
NTU) with turbidities gradually decreases downstream through the estuary (Figure 2.3).
Turbidity was lower in the blackwater tributaries (Northeast Cape Fear River and Black
River) than in the mainstem river.
Note: In addition to the laboratory-analyzed turbidity, the LCFRP uses nephelometers
designed for field use, which allows us to acquire in situ turbidity from a natural situation.
North Carolina regulatory agencies are required to use turbidity values from water samples
removed from the natural system, put on ice until arrival at a State-certified laboratory, and
analyzed using laboratory nephelometers. Standard Methods notes that transport of
samples and temperature change alters true turbidity readings. Our analysis of samples
using both methods shows that lab turbidity is nearly always lower than field turbidity; thus
we do not discuss lab turbidity in this report.
Total Suspended Solids
Total suspended solid (TSS) values system wide ranged from 0 to 61 mg/L with station
annual means from 2 to 19 mg/L (Table 2.7). The overall highest values were at NAV,
followed by the mid-estuary at M54, and then the lower river stations AC, DP and IC, and
SPD in the ICW. In the stream stations TSS was generally considerably lower than the
river and estuary, except for GS, PB and SR. Although total suspended solids (TSS) and
turbidity both quantify suspended material in the water column, they do not always go hand
in hand. High TSS does not mean high turbidity and vice versa. This anomaly may be
explained by the fact that fine clay particles are effective at dispersing light and causing
high turbidity readings, while not resulting in high TSS. On the other hand, large organic or
inorganic particles may be less effective at dispersing light, yet their greater mass results
in high TSS levels. While there is no NC ambient standard for TSS, many years of data
from the lower Cape Fear watershed indicates that 25 mg/L can be considered elevated.
Light Attenuation
The attenuation of solar irradiance through the water column is measured by a logarithmic
function (k) per meter. The higher this light attenuation coefficient is the more strongly light
is attenuated (through absorbance or reflection) in the water column. River and estuary
light attenuation coefficients ranged from 0.64 to 6.06/m and station annual means ranged
from 1.10 at M18 to 3.64 /m at DP (Table 2.8), indicating somewhat clearer water than in
2006. This was likely a result of drought conditions reducing river discharge and
13
subsequent lower suspended material and water color inputs from less swampwater
inputs.
High light attenuation did not always coincide with high turbidity. Blackwater, though low in
turbidity, will attenuate light through absorption of solar irradiance. At NCF6 and BBT,
blackwater stations with moderate turbidity levels, light attenuation was high. Compared to
other North Carolina estuaries the Cape Fear has high average light attenuation. The high
average light attenuation is a major reason why phytoplankton production in the major
rivers and the estuary of the LCFR is generally low. Whether caused by turbidity or water
color this attenuation tends to limit light availability to the phytoplankton (Mallin et al. 1997;
1999; 2004).
Chemical Parameters – Nutrients
Total Nitrogen
Total nitrogen (TN) is calculated from TKN (see below) plus nitrate; it is not analyzed in the
laboratory. TN ranged from 50 to 77,810 μg/L and station annual means ranged from 314
to 16,054 μg/L (Table 2.9). Mean total nitrogen in 2007 was approximately equivalent to
the eleven-year mean at most river and channel stations, but lower than the mean in the
middle and lower estuary (Figure 2.4). Previous research (Mallin et al. 1999) has shown a
positive correlation between river flow and TN in the Cape Fear system. Total nitrogen
concentrations remained fairly constant down the river and declined from mid-estuary into
the lower estuary, most likely reflecting uptake of nitrogen into the food chain through algal
productivity and subsequent grazing by planktivores as well as through dilution and marsh
denitrfication. The blackwater rivers maintained TN concentrations equal to or somewhat
lower than those found in the mainstem Cape Fear River. One stream station, BC117, had
a very high mean of 16,054 μg/L, likely from the upstream Town of Burgaw wastewater
discharge. ROC and LVC2 also had comparatively high TN values among the stream
stations. Temporal patterns for TN were not evident.
Nitrate+Nitrite
Nitrate+nitrite (henceforth referred to as nitrate) is the main species of inorganic nitrogen in
the Lower Cape Fear River. Concentrations system wide ranged from 5 (detection limit) to
76,610 μg/L and station annual means ranged from 37 to 15,079 μg/L (Table 2.10). The
highest riverine nitrate levels were at AC (613 μg/L) and NC11 (659 μg/L) indicating that
much of this nutrient is imported from upstream. Moving downstream, nitrate levels
decrease most likely as a result of uptake by primary producers, microbial denitrification in
riparian marshes and tidal dilution. Despite this, the rapid flushing of the estuary (Ensign
et al. 2004) permits sufficient nitrate to enter the coastal ocean in the plume and contribute
to offshore productivity (Mallin et al. 2005b). Nitrate can limit phytoplankton production in
the lower estuary in summer (Mallin et al. 1999). The blackwater rivers carried lower loads
of nitrate compared to the mainstem Cape Fear stations; i.e. the Northeast Cape Fear
River (NCF117 mean = 238 μg/L) and the Black River (B210 = 168 μg/L). No clear
temporal pattern was observable for nitrate.
14
Several stream stations showed high levels of nitrate on occasion including BC117, ROC,
6RC, LVC2, NC403 and SAR. NC403 and LVC2 are downstream of industrial wastewater
discharges and SAR, ROC and 6RC primarily receive non-point agricultural or animal
waste drainage. BC117 frequently showed very high nitrate levels. The Town of Burgaw
wastewater plant, upstream of BC117, has no nitrate discharge limits. Over the past
several years a considerable number of experiments have been carried out by UNCW
researchers to assess the effects of nutrient additions to water collected from blackwater
streams and rivers (i.e. the Black and Northeast Cape Fear Rivers, and Colly and Great
Coharie Creeks). These experiments have collectively found that additions of nitrogen (as
either nitrate, ammonium, or urea) significantly stimulate phytoplankton production and
BOD increases. Critical levels of these nutrients were in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L as N
(Mallin et al. 1998; Mallin et al. 2001a; Mallin et al. 2002a, Mallin et al. 2004). Thus, we
conservatively consider nitrate concentrations exceeding 0.5 mg/L as N in Cape Fear
watershed streams to be potentially problematic to the stream’s environmental health.
Ammonium
Ammonium concentrations ranged from 5 (detection limit) to 1,730 μg/L and station annual
means ranged from 12 to 381 μg/L (Table 2.11). River areas with the highest mean
ammonium levels this monitoring period included AC, which is below a pulp mill discharge,
and DP, located downstream of AC. Ocean dilution and biological uptake accounts for
decreasing levels in the lower estuary. At the stream stations, areas with periodic high
levels of ammonium include LVC2, BCRR, PB, SAR and BC117.
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is a measure of the total concentration of organic nitrogen
plus ammonium. TKN ranged from 50 to 3,700 μg/L and station annual means ranged
from 313 to 1,250 μg/L (Table 2.12). TKN concentration decreases ocean-ward through
the estuary, likely due to ocean dilution and food chain uptake of nitrogen.
Total Phosphorus
Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 10 (detection limit) to 4,280 μg/L and
station annual means ranged from 35 to 2,396 μg/L (Table 2.13). Mean TP for 2007 was
lower than the eleven-year mean from the lower river through the estuary, and higher than
the mean at the uppermost river stations (Figure 2.5). In the river TP is highest at the
upper riverine channel stations and declines downstream into the estuary. Some of this
decline is attributable to the settling of phosphorus-bearing suspended sediments, yet
incorporation of phosphorus into bacteria and algae is also responsible. A temporal
pattern of higher summer TP is a result of increasing orthophosphate during the summer.
The experiments discussed above in the nitrate subsection also involved additions of
phosphorus, either as inorganic orthophosphate or a combination of inorganic plus organic
P. The experiments showed that additions of P exceeding 0.5 mg/L led to significant
15
increases in bacterial counts, as well as significant increases in BOD over control. Thus,
we consider concentrations of phosphorus above 0.5 to be potentially problematic to
blackwater streams. Streams periodically exceeding this critical concentration included
BC117, ROC, GCO, GS and PB. Some of these stations (BC117, PB) are downstream of
industrial or wastewater discharges, while GS, ROC and GCO are in non-point agricultural
areas.
Orthophosphate
Orthophosphate ranged from undetectable to 4,280 μg/L and station annual means ranged
from 10 to 2,152 μg/L (Table 2.14). Much of the orthophosphate load is imported into the
Lower Cape Fear system from upstream areas, as NC11 or AC typically has the highest
levels. The Northeast Cape Fear River had higher orthophosphate levels than the Black
River. Orthophosphate can bind to suspended materials and is transported downstream
via particle attachment; thus high levels of turbidity at the uppermost river stations may be
an important factor in the high orthophosphate levels. Turbidity declines toward the
estuary because of settling, and orthophosphate concentration also declines. In the
estuary, primary productivity helps reduce orthophosphate concentrations by assimilation
into biomass. Orthophosphate levels typically reach maximum concentrations during
summertime, when anoxic sediment releases bound phosphorus. Also, in the Cape Fear
Estuary, summer algal productivity is limited by nitrogen, thereby allowing the
accumulation of orthophosphate (Mallin et al. 1997; 1999). In spring, productivity in the
estuary is usually limited by phosphorus (Mallin et al. 1997; 1999).
The stream station BC117 had very high orthophosphate levels, ROC and GCO had
comparatively high levels, and ANC, NC403, SAR, 6RC and LRC had moderate levels.
BC117 and NC403 are strongly influenced by industrial and municipal wastewater
discharges, and ANC, ROC, SAR, 6RC and GCO by agriculture/animal waste runoff.
Chemical Parameters - EPA Priority Pollutant Metals
The LCFRP had previously sampled for water column metals (EPA Priority Pollutant
Metals) on a bimonthly basis. However, as of 2007 this requirement was suspended by
the NC Division of Water Quality and these data are no longer collected by the LCFRP.
Biological Parameters
Chlorophyll a
During this monitoring period chlorophyll a was generally moderate at the river and
estuarine stations (Table 2.15). Two algal blooms occurred at Station NC11, with
chlorophyll a levels of 20 μg/L in July and 33 μg/L in September. At this site it has been
demonstrated that chlorophyll a biomass is significantly correlated with biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD5 – Mallin et al. 2006b). System wide, chlorophyll a ranged from 0.2
to 191.3 μg/L and station annual means ranged from 0.9 –39.7 μg/L; these numbers
represent a general increase in phytoplankton production throughout the system compared
16
with 2006. Production of chlorophyll a biomass is usually low to moderate in the rivers and
estuary primarily because of light limitation by turbidity in the mainstem and high organic
color and low inorganic nutrients in the blackwater rivers. Spatially, highest values are
normally found in the mid-to-lower estuary stations because light becomes more available
downstream of the estuarine turbidity maximum (Table 2.6). Flushing time of the Cape
Fear estuary is rapid, ranging from 1-22 days with a median of 6.7 days (Ensign et al.
2004). This does not allow for much settling of suspended materials, leading to light
limitation of phytoplankton production. The drought conditions prevailing in summer and
fall allowed for clearer water through less suspended material and less blackwater swamp
inputs in 2007. Thus, chlorophyll a concentrations in the river and most of the estuary
were larger than the average for the preceding eleven years (Figure 2.6). Highest
chlorophyll a concentrations were found during summer and early fall.
Substantial phytoplankton blooms occasionally occur at the stream stations, with more
than usual occurring in 2007 (Table 2.15). These streams are generally shallow, so
vertical mixing does not carry phytoplankton cells down below the critical depth where
respiration exceeds photosynthesis. Thus, when lower flow conditions prevail, elevated
nutrient conditions (such as are periodically found in these stream stations) can lead to
algal blooms. In areas where the forest canopy opens up large blooms can occur. When
blooms occur in blackwater stream stations they can become sources of BOD upon death
and decay, reducing further the low summer dissolved oxygen conditions common to these
waters (Mallin et al. 2001a; 2002a; 2004; 2006b). Stream algal blooms in 2007 occurred
at GS, PB, SR, NC403 and BCRR.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
For the mainstem river, mean annual five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)
concentrations were approximately equivalent between NC11 and AC, suggesting that in
2007 (in contrast to previous years) there was no discernable effects of BOD loading from
the nearby pulp/paper mill inputs (Table 2.16). BOD was somewhat lower during the
winter than summer.
Results of 2007 BOD analyses from several stream stations in the Northeast Cape Fear
River watershed can be seen in Table 2.16. ANC, GS, LVC2 and N403 all showed large
(> 3.3 mg/L) individual BOD5 measurements during 2007, particularly during summer.
Stations N403 and LVC2 are below point sources, but the other two sites are non-point
runoff areas.
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
Fecal coliform (FC) bacterial counts ranged from 1 to 9,000 CFU/100 mL and station
annual geometric means ranged from 2 to 653 CFU/100 mL (Table 2.17). The state
human contact standard (200 CFU/100 mL) was exceeded at the mainstem sites only
rarely in 2007. FC counts in 2007 in the upper estuary and river were similar compared
with the eleven-year average, although 2007 concentrations at NCF117 were much higher
than the 2006 counts at that station (Figure 2.7).
17
All stream stations surpassed the state standard for human contact of 200 CFU/100 mL on
at least one occasion and several were particularly problematic. During 2007 BC117
exceeded the state standard 67% of the time; GS 50%, PB, N403, 6RC, SR, and BRN
33%; HAM and BCRR 25%; and ANC, SAR, LRC, LCO, NCF117 and COL 17% of the
time. BC117, NC403, and PB are located below point source discharges and the other
sites are primarily influenced by non-point source pollution. Overall, elevated fecal
coliform counts are problematic in this system, with 41% of the stations impacted in 2007
(although this represents an improvement from 2006, a wetter year with more stormwater
runoff).
2.4 - References Cited
APHA. 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed.
American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Ensign, S.H., J.N. Halls and M.A. Mallin. 2004. Application of digital bathymetry data in an analysis of flushing times of two North Carolina estuaries. Computers and Geosciences 30:501-511.
Lin, J. L. Xie, L.J. Pietrafesa, J. Shen, M.A. Mallin and M.J. Durako. 2006. Dissolved oxygen stratification in two microtidal partially-mixed estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 70:423-437.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver, D.C. Parsons and G.C. Shank. 1997. Nutrient
limitation and eutrophication potential in the Cape Fear and New River Estuaries.
Report No. 313. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina,
Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 1998. Effect of organic and
inorganic nutrient loading on photosynthetic and heterotrophic plankton communities in
blackwater rivers. Report No. 315. Water Resources Research Institute of the
University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver, D.C. Parsons and G.C. Shank. 1999. Alternation
of factors limiting phytoplankton production in the Cape Fear Estuary. Estuaries
22:985-996.
Mallin, M.A. 2000. Impacts of industrial-scale swine and poultry production on rivers and
estuaries. American Scientist 88:26-37.
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign, T.D. Alphin, M.S. Williams, M.L.
Moser and J.F. Merritt. 2000. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River
System, 1999-2000. CMS Report No. 00-01, Center for Marine Science, University of
North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
18
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 2001a. Effect of nitrogen and
phosphorus loading on plankton in Coastal Plain blackwater streams. Journal of
Freshwater Ecology 16:455-466.
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, T.E. Lankford, M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign, T.D. Alphin, M.S.
Williams, M.L. Moser and J.F. Merritt. 2001b. Environmental Assessment of the Lower
Cape Fear River System, 2000-2001. CMS Report No. 01-01, Center for Marine
Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver and S.H. Ensign. 2002a. Seeking science-based
nutrient standards for coastal blackwater stream systems. Report No. 341. Water
Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.H. Posey, T.E. Lankford, M.R. McIver, H.A. CoVan, T.D. Alphin, M.S.
Williams and J.F. Merritt. 2002b. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear
River System, 2001-2002. CMS Report No. 02-02, Center for Marine Science,
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, H.A. Wells, M.S. Williams, T.E. Lankford and J.F. Merritt. 2003.
Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2002-2003. CMS
Report No. 03-03, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign and L.B. Cahoon. 2004. Photosynthetic and
heterotrophic impacts of nutrient loading to blackwater streams. Ecological Applications
14:823-838.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver, T.D. Alphin, M.H. Posey and J.F. Merritt. 2005a. Environmental
Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2003-2004. CMS Report No. 05-02,
Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon and M.J. Durako. 2005b. Contrasting food-web support bases for adjoining river-influenced and non-river influenced continental shelf ecosystems. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62:55-62. Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver and J.F. Merritt. 2006a. Environmental Assessment of the Lower Cape Fear River System, 2005. CMS Report No. 06-02, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
Mallin, M.A., V.L. Johnson, S.H. Ensign and T.A. MacPherson. 2006b. Factors contributing
to hypoxia in rivers, lakes and streams. Limnology and Oceanography 51:690-701.
Mallin, M.A., M.R. McIver and J.F. Merritt. 2007. Environmental Assessment of the Lower
Cape Fear River System, 2006. CMS Report No. 07-02, Center for Marine Science,
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, N.C.
19
U.S. EPA 1997. Methods for the Determination of Chemical Substances in Marine and
Estuarine Environmental Matrices, 2nd Ed. EPA/600/R-97/072. National Exposure
Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Welschmeyer, N.A. 1994. Fluorometric analysis of chlorophyll a in the presence of
chlorophyll b and phaeopigments. Limnology and Oceanography 39:1985-1993.
20
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10
0
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1
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90
1
2
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1
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2
8
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1
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3
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3
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6
0
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8
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2
5
0
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5
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AU
G
21
0
1
3
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7
6
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1
1
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2
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AU
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13
0
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4
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1
2
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0
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P
50
4
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3
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3
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4
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4
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18
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0
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T
15
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6
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50
8
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30
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2
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11
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41
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C
70
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3
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70
6
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4
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9
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53
2
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4
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6
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23
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20
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9
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ma
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21
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ma
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mi
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4
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40
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33
Ta
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l
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2
.
1
4
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r
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2
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1
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6
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N
JA
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40
3
0
3
0
3
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3
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
FE
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50
5
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
2
0
MA
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80
8
0
5
0
4
0
4
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
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0
1
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80
9
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9
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7
0
3
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0
AP
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40
4
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
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AP
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70
6
0
5
0
5
0
4
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5
0
MA
Y
20
3
0
3
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2
0
2
0
2
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0
1
0
1
0
1
0
MA
Y
20
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
2
0
JU
N
JU
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10
0
6
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
3
2
0
JU
L
90
1
1
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1
2
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4
0
1
1
0
AU
G
70
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
4
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
2
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13
0
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4
0
1
1
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5
0
1
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0
SE
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50
5
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6
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4
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1
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11
0
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7
0
1
3
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6
0
6
0
1
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OC
T
50
4
0
5
0
5
0
6
0
5
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
OC
T
12
0
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7
0
1
1
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4
0
5
0
1
0
0
NO
V
40
3
0
3
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3
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5
0
3
0
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0
1
0
0
1
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NO
V
60
7
0
7
0
2
0
3
0
5
0
DE
C
40
5
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
DE
C
28
0
2
8
0
1
4
0
7
0
5
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1
5
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me
a
n
5
3
4
8
4
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22
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68
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4
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10
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8
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6
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6
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6
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ma
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28
0
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5
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20
3
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60
1
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6
0
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20
0
3
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1
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70
2
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30
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30
3
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60
3
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3
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20
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20
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6
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6
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1
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3
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6
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6
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6
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8
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7
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6
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34
Ta
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l
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2
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1
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l
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l
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M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
S
P
D
m
o
n
t
h
N
C
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
C
F
6
JA
N
54
4
4
4
8
3
3
4
6
5
0
4
0
2
4
4
1
7
JA
N
54
4
6
3
9
8
8
3
5
FE
B
82
2
1
5
2
6
2
4
3
3
5
0
4
2
8
4
FE
B
19
4
0
4
8
8
0
5
4
MA
R
10
0
1
5
3
6
4
4
4
4
8
4
2
3
5
2
2
6
MA
R
18
0
2
1
9
1
1
6
9
6
2
4
AP
R
312
2
3
0
3
3
2
9
6
8
6
1
7
AP
R
8
6
2
9
3
1
3
5
MA
Y
291
3
4
6
1
3
1
8
5
4
2
1
1
6
MA
Y
10
1
0
2
8
4
1
6
4
JU
N
646
8
1
0
6
4
2
1
0
1
7
1
1
2
1
JU
N
8
1
0
6
1
9
7
6
JU
L
4
6
4
1
3
9
2
8
1
2
0
5
2
1
0
2
4
8
JU
L
8
7
2
2
2
4
6
8
2
AU
G
886
4
6
0
4
0
3
7
3
1
2
1
1
2
AU
G
10
6
6
2
4
5
8
9
1
SE
P
130
9
8
3
7
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
SE
P
13
1
1
4
1
0
8
1
0
0
2
8
OC
T
120
6
8
2
3
7
4
0
1
5
2
2
1
1
4
OC
T
13
1
9
8
2
1
6
0
4
1
NO
V
341
2
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
NO
V
15
8
0
8
5
2
4
DE
C
211
4
2
3
6
2
2
2
1
1
1
DE
C
42
2
9
2
7
9
2
0
me
a
n
5
7
5
4
6
8
2
9
2
9
2
0
1
3
7
2
6
m
e
a
n
3
2
5
9
4
5
5
8
5
6
st
d
d
e
v
41
4
0
6
3
1
2
3
1
1
9
1
7
1
2
2
5
st
d
d
e
v
47
5
8
3
6
4
6
4
0
ma
x
13
0
1
5
3
2
3
7
4
4
1
2
0
5
2
5
0
4
2
8
1
7
ma
x
18
0
2
1
9
1
1
6
1
6
0
1
6
4
mi
n
412
5
6
2
1
1
1
1
1
mi
n
86
6
4
2
0
Ge
o
m
e
a
n
383
9
4
4
2
5
1
5
9
5
2
2
3
Ge
o
m
e
a
n
18
3
7
3
2
3
5
4
6
mo
n
t
h
A
N
C
S
A
R
G
S
N
C
4
0
3
P
B
L
R
C
R
O
C
B
C
1
1
7
B
C
R
R
m
o
n
t
h
6
R
C
L
C
O
G
C
O
S
R
B
R
N
H
A
M
m
o
n
t
h
N
C
F
1
1
7
B
2
1
0
C
O
L
L
V
C
2
S
C
-
C
H
JA
N
64
1
3
7
1
1
6
2
8
1
1
5
7
3
1
8
2
7
3
1
0
JA
N
46
0
9
0
9
8
1
2
0
4
4
0
2
6
0
JA
N
37
5
5
5
5
1
0
0
5
5
FE
B
28
7
2
1
5
1
7
1
6
8
5
0
7
2
1
3
FE
B
14
1
4
5
4
5
4
0
9
8
2
1
3
0
FE
B
15
7
1
2
0
1
3
5
2
5
6
MA
R
40
9
0
6
4
6
4
1
2
4
7
6
2
8
6
4
1
1
2
MA
R
10
0
3
0
8
1
6
4
3
7
1
1
0
MA
R
52
4
0
6
2
5
2
6
AP
R
60
6
2
1
1
6
1
6
1
0
0
1
6
1
3
1
5
0
0
5
0
0
AP
R
73
2
3
1
2
8
2
1
0
9
1
0
AP
R
27
4
2
4
6
3
1
3
3
MA
Y
12
7
3
7
2
1
9
7
6
1
1
0
1
3
3
3
1
1
4
1
1
0
MA
Y
31
0
1
9
1
0
1
9
1
9
1
6
3
MA
Y
13
2
4
4
6
8
4
1
1
0
JU
N
64
1
0
9
1
0
9
1
2
8
1
0
0
1
0
8
2
3
4
0
1
0
JU
N
15
4
1
0
1
9
6
8
5
1
2
7
8
2
JU
N
88
2
6
1
4
8
2
7
3
9
0
0
JU
L
21
9
5
6
0
0
1
2
0
0
8
2
0
4
0
0
8
4
7
6
9
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
JU
L
15
4
3
1
3
4
5
1
5
6
4
1
2
1
4
0
JU
L
21
9
1
0
4
3
1
0
1
0
8
3
7
AU
G
30
2
1
6
4
6
3
7
4
5
5
4
4
0
6
8
0
9
2
1
6
0
0
2
0
0
AU
G
22
8
1
1
5
2
4
0
0
1
1
2
8
1
9
AU
G
10
8
7
2
5
0
0
8
8
2
0
0
SE
P
16
5
2
8
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
5
0
3
2
0
8
8
3
4
0
0
2
8
0
0
SE
P
10
0
0
1
1
6
0
2
0
0
2
4
0
1
6
0
0
SE
P
17
0
0
7
8
8
2
1
0
OC
T
73
1
9
0
1
0
3
4
0
1
9
9
1
6
0
2
3
2
0
1
0
0
OC
T
10
9
3
1
0
1
2
8
2
2
0
2
8
0
7
3
OC
T
10
0
8
4
2
0
0
4
5
NO
V
40
1
8
0
2
2
0
1
3
7
5
4
0
8
2
7
5
2
7
0
0
4
6
NO
V
70
2
3
2
9
5
5
1
6
5
5
6
NO
V
56
3
2
3
7
1
9
3
0
DE
C
37
8
8
1
7
4
6
1
3
7
2
3
3
4
1
0
0
0
1
5
DE
C
41
6
0
1
6
3
7
8
5
2
DE
C
82
2
8
5
4
8
0
3
5
me
a
n
1
0
2
7
9
4
4
9
2
3
3
6
2
7
6
1
3
1
7
6
1
8
4
9
4
2
6
m
e
a
n
2
3
7
7
9
4
4
2
0
9
1
7
5
2
9
1
m
e
a
n
2
2
0
5
9
1
2
7
9
4
1
2
8
st
d
d
e
v
82
1
6
2
8
6
5
2
5
5
4
2
8
1
1
9
2
4
9
2
4
1
8
7
8
7
st
d
d
e
v
25
6
1
0
6
3
6
1
9
0
1
3
3
4
4
5
st
d
d
e
v
45
0
3
1
1
4
9
7
3
2
3
8
ma
x
30
2
5
6
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
5
0
6
8
0
1
8
2
9
0
0
0
2
8
0
0
ma
x
10
0
0
3
1
3
1
2
8
6
8
5
4
4
0
1
6
0
0
ma
x
17
0
0
1
2
0
5
0
0
2
7
3
9
0
0
mi
n
28
3
7
1
0
1
6
1
1
0
1
3
6
4
1
0
min
41
1
0
8
3
1
9
1
0
mi
n
13
2
4
1
3
5
1
0
Ge
o
m
e
a
n
77
1
8
6
1
5
5
1
0
4
1
3
7
5
8
6
0
6
5
3
9
2
Ge
o
m
e
a
n
15
8
3
8
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
5
1
2
8
Ge
o
m
e
a
n
86
5
1
7
3
6
4
5
6
37
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
1
S
a
l
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n
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t
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,
1
9
9
5
-
2
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6
ve
r
s
u
s
2
0
0
7
.
05101520253035
NA
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
S
P
D
N
C
F
6
Salinity (psu)
19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
38
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
2
D
i
s
s
o
l
v
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d
O
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y
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a
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19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
v
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s
2
0
0
7
.
012345678910
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
B
B
T
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
39
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
3
F
i
e
l
d
T
u
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
a
t
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e
L
o
w
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e
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a
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a
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,
1
9
9
5
-
20
0
6
v
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s
2
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0
7
.
051015202530
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
B
B
T
Field Turbidity (NTU)
19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
40
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
4
T
o
t
a
l
N
i
t
r
o
g
e
n
a
t
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e
L
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M
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,
1
9
9
5
-
20
0
6
v
e
r
s
u
s
2
0
0
7
.
0
20
0
40
0
60
0
80
0
10
0
0
12
0
0
14
0
0
16
0
0
18
0
0
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
Total Nitrogen (μg/L)
19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
41
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
5
T
o
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,
1
9
9
5
-
20
0
6
v
e
r
s
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s
2
0
0
7
.
050
10
0
15
0
20
0
25
0
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
Total Phosphorus (μg/L)
19
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
42
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
6
C
h
l
o
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p
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y
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,
1
9
9
5
-
20
0
6
v
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s
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s
2
0
0
7
024681012
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
B
B
T
Chlorophyll a (μg/L)
19
9
6
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
43
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
7
F
e
c
a
l
C
o
l
i
f
o
r
m
B
a
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,
19
9
6
-
2
0
0
6
v
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r
s
u
s
2
0
0
7
.
0102030405060708090
10
0
NC
1
1
A
C
D
P
I
C
N
A
V
H
B
B
R
R
M
6
1
M
5
4
M
4
2
M
3
5
M
2
3
M
1
8
N
C
F
1
1
7
N
C
F
6
B
2
1
0
Fecal Coliform Bacteria (cfu/100 mL)
19
9
6
-
2
0
0
6
20
0
7
44
3.0 Water Quality Evaluation by Subbasin in the
Lower Cape Fear River System
Matthew R. McIver, Michael A. Mallin, and James F. Merritt
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory
Center for Marine Science
University of North Carolina Wilmington
3.0 Water Quality Evaluation by Subbasin
This section details an evaluation of water quality within each subbasin for dissolved
oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll a, fecal coliform bacteria and two nutrient species at the
LCFRP sampling sites. Monthly data from January to December 2007 are used in
these comparisons.
3.1 Introduction
The NC Division of Water Quality prepares a basinwide water quality plan for each of
the seventeen major river basins in the state every five years (NCDENR, DWQ Cape
Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, October 2005). The basinwide approach is a
non-regulatory watershed based approach to restoring and protecting the quality of
North Carolina’s surface waters. The first basinwide plan for the Cape Fear River was
completed in 1996 and five-year interval updates have been completed in 2000 and
2005.
The goals of the basinwide program are to:
- Identify water quality problems and restore full use to impaired waters.
- Identify and protect high value resource waters.
- Protect unimpaired waters while allowing for reasonable economic growth.
DWQ accomplishes these goals through the following objectives:
- Collaborate with other agencies to develop appropriate management strategies.
- Assure equitable distribution of waste assimilative capacity.
- Better evaluate cumulative effects of pollution.
- Improve public awareness and involvement.
The US Geological Survey (USGS) identifies 6 major hydrological areas in the Cape
Fear River Basin. Each of these hydrologic areas is further divided into subbasins by
DWQ. There are 24 subbasins within the Cape Fear River basin, each denoted by 6-
digit numbers, 03-06-01 to 03-06-24 (NCDENR-DWQ, October 2005).
All surface waters in the state are assigned a primary classification that is appropriate to
the best uses of that water. North Carolina’s Water Quality Standards Program adopted
classifications and water quality standards for all the state’s river basins by 1963. The
program remains consistent with the Federal Clean Water Act and its amendments.
45
DWQ assesses ecosystem health and human health risk through the use of five use
support categories: aquatic life, recreation, fish consumption, water supply and shellfish
harvesting. [Note: All waters east of Interstate 95 are considered impaired for fish
consumption due to mercury levels in fish tissue.] These categories are tied to the uses
associated with the primary classifications applied to NC rivers and streams. Waters
are supporting if data and information used to assign a use support rating meet the
criteria for that use category. If these criteria are not met then the waters are Impaired.
Waters with inconclusive data and information are Not Rated. Waters with insufficient
data or information are rated No Data.
For ambient water quality monitoring criteria, DWQ uses water quality data collected by
both their own monitoring system as well as several NPDES discharger coalitions
including the Lower Cape Fear River Program. The parameters used to assess water
quality in the aquatic life category include dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chlorophyll a and
turbidity as well as benthos and fish data. DWQ rates use support based on whether
the NC State Water Quality Standard is exceeded as listed below:
Standard exceeded in < 10% of samples = Supporting
Standard exceeded in > 10% of samples = Impaired
Less than 10 samples collected = Not Rated
DO and pH standard exceeded in swamps = Not Rated
*Some of the NC State Water Quality standards are written with more specific criteria
and the reader should refer to http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/csu/index.htm for complete
details about the use of the standards.
3.2 Methods
The UNCW Aquatic Ecology Laboratory (AEL) has developed an evaluation system that
incorporates some of the guidelines used by DWQ and utilizes data collected by the
Lower Cape Fear River Program. This approach determines a water quality “rating” for
the parameters dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, fecal coliform bacteria, field turbidity
and the nutrient species nitrate-nitrite (referred to as nitrate) and total phosphorus. For
dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform bacteria we compare LCFRP data to
the N.C. State Water Quality Standards (http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/csu/index.htm).
Fecal coliform bacteria data is analyzed considering human contact standards, not
shellfishing standards.
The NC DWQ does not have surface water quality standards for nitrate and total
phosphorus. The AEL water quality status is based on levels noted to be problematic in
the scientific literature and our own published research. Based on data from four years
of nutrient addition bioassay experiments using water from the Black and Northeast
Cape Fear Rivers, Colly Creek and Great Coharie Creek, the UNCW-AEL considers
total phophorus levels of 500 µg/L potentially harmful to water quality in all the waters of
the Cape Fear River watershed. Nitrate levels of 200 µg/L, 500 µg/L and 1,000 µg/L in
small streams, mainstem blackwater stations (NCF117, NCF6, B210) and mainstem
Cape Fear River stations, respectively, are considered harmful to water quality. These
nutrient levels may lead to algal blooms, high bacteria levels and high biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) in blackwater streams (Mallin et al., 2001; 2002; 2004). Water 46
quality status for nutrient species at the mainstem Cape Fear River stations was
evaluated with a higher standard for nutrients because its waters are quite different than
the blackwater areas and are able to better assimilate higher nutrient levels.
Our system lists a sampling location as having good quality (G) if the standard is
exceeded in none or 1 sample out of 12 measurements (<10%), fair quality (F) if
standard is exceeded in 2 or 3 or 12 of measurements (11-25%), or poor quality (P) if
standard is exceeded in 4-12 out of 12 measurements (>25%).
The 36 stations monitored by the LCFRP by subbasin:
Subbasin # LCFRP Stations
03-06-16 BRN, HAM, NC11
03-06-17 LVC2, AC, DP, IC, NAV, HB, BRR,
M61, M54, M42, M35, M23, M18, SPD
03-06-18 SR
03-06-19 6RC, LCO, GCO
03-06-20 COL, B210, BBT
03-06-21 N403
03-06-22 SAR, GS, PB, LRC, ROC
03-06-23 ANC, BC117, BCRR, NCF6, NCF117,
SC-CH
Each subbasin is addressed separately with a description and map showing the LCFRP
stations. This will be followed by a summary of the information published in the October
2005 Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Plan and water quality status
discussion using the UNCW-AEL approach for the 2007 LCFRP data.
47
3.3 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-16
Location: Cape Fear River upstream and downstream of Elizabethtown
Counties: Bladen, Columbus, Cumberland, Pender
Water bodies: Cape Fear River
Municipalities: Elizabethtown, Dublin, White Lake, East Arcadia, Tar Heel
NPDES Dischargers: 7 @ 13.7 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 50
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
BRN (B8340050), HAM (B8340200), NC11 (B8360000)
NC DWQ monitoring stations (DWQ #):
Six ambient monitoring stations
BRN
HAM
NC11
48
Subbasin 03-06-16 includes the Cape Fear River and many streams that drain coastal plain
wetlands and bay lakes. Most of the watershed is forested with some agriculture present.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 101.5 freshwater miles Supporting 115.1 freshwater miles
Not Rated 40.1 freshwater miles Not Rated 4.8 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1,593.2 freshwater acres No Data 153.1 freshwater miles
No Data 131.4 freshwater miles No Data 2,510.8 freshwater acres
No Data 917.6 freshwater acres
*Brown’s Creek, rated as impaired in the 2000 CFRBWQP, was upgraded in the 2005 plan
(NCDENR DWQ CFRWQBP, July 2000 and NCDENR DWQ CFRWQBP, October 2005).
Lower Cape Fear River Program Evaluation
Data collection: NC11 since June 1995, BRN & HAM since February 1996
Sampling relevance: Represents water entering the Lower Cape Fear River watershed from
the middle basin (NC11). There are also concentrated animal operations within the area (BRN
and HAM).
BRN - representative of small tributaries
of the Cape Fear River
NC11 - main stem of Cape Fear River,
deep channel, freshwater
with slight tidal influence
49
Dissolved Oxygen ratings for BRN and NC11 were both good. At HAM the rating was fair, with
values exceeding the NC State standard 25% of the time (Table 3.3.1).
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating for chlorophyll a concentrations (Table 3.3.1).
The North Carolina State standard for chlorophyll a of 40 µg/L was not exceeded at any station
during 2007.
Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were low at NC11 which had a good rating with no
sample over the NC State Standard for human contact waters of 200 CFU/100mL in 2007
(Table 3.3.1). HAM received a fair rating for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations exceeding
the standard 25% of the time. BRN was rated as poor for fecal coliform bacteria exceeding the
standard 33% of the time.
All sites within this subbasin were found to have a good rating for field turbidity concentrations
(Table 3.3.1). The North Carolina State Standard for turbidity of 50 NTU was not exceeded at
any station during 2007.
For nitrate, BRN rated as poor (above standard 42% of the time) and HAM rated as fair (above
the standard 18% of the time). A good rating was found at NC11 for both nutrient species and
for total phosphorus at BRN and HAM.
Table 3.3.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-16
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
BRN G G P G P G
HAM F G F G F G
NC11 G G G G G G
50
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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3.4 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-17
Location: Cape Fear River near Riegelwood, downstream to estuarine area
near Southport
Counties: Columbus, Pender, Brunswick, New Hanover
Waterbodies: Cape Fear River and Estuary
Municipalities: Wilmington, Southport
NPDES Dischargers: 41 @ 99.9 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 7
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
LVC2 (B8445000), AC (B8450000), DP (B8460000), IC (B9030000),
NAV (B9050000), HB (B9050100), BRR (B9790000), M61 (B9750000),
M54 (B9795000), M42 (B9845100), M35 (B9850100), M23 (B9910000),
M18 (B9921000), SPD (B9980000)
DWQ monitoring stations:
NAV (B9050000), M61 (B9750000), M54(B9795000)
LVC2
AC DP
IC
NAV HB
BRR
M61
M54
M42
M35
M23
M18
SPD
53
Subbason 03-06-17 includes the mainstem of the Cape Fear River, the Cape Fear River
Estuary and many streams that drain the areas west of the River. Most of the watershed is
forested with some urban areas including Wilmington and Southport.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 14,125.4 saltwater acres Supporting 21,092.3 saltwater acres
Not Rated 2.0 saltwater acres Impaired 96.6 saltwater acres
Impaired 6,457.0 saltwater acres Supporting 44.1 freshwater miles
Supporting 75.4 freshwater miles Not Rated 5.6 coast miles
Not Rated 22.3 freshwater miles Impaired 4.7 coast miles
Not Rated 406.9 freshwater acres No Data 2,254.6 saltwater acres
No Data 2,859.2 saltwater acres No Data 269.1 freshwater miles
No Data 215.4 freshwater miles No Data 1,251.5 freshwater acres
No Data 844.5 freshwater acres No Data 12.5 coast miles
No Data 22.8 coast miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: Most stations since 1995, all sampled since 1998
Sampling relevance: Highly important estuary for fisheries productivity. Also receives point
source discharge and non-point source pollution.
AC - representative of riverine system
channel
HB - riverine station, upstream of
HB – upper estuary, upstream of
Wilmington
54
M35 – represents wide estuary
Sites given a good rating for dissolved oxygen include AC, NAV, M54, M42,M35, M23 and
M18 (Table 3.4.1). Sites having a fair rating for dissolved oxygen, with the percentage of
samples not meeting the standard shown in parentheses, are DP (25%), HB(25%), BRR
(25%), and SPD (17%). Sites having poor rating for dissolved oxygen, with the percentage of
samples not meeting the standard shown in parentheses, are LVC2 (42%), IC (33%) and M61
(33%).
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating in terms of chlorophyll a concentrations (Table
3.4.1). None of the sampled locations exceeded the 40 µg/L North Carolina State standard on
any sample occasion during 2007.
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations (Table
3.4.1). Only two samples exceeded the 200 cfu/100mL North Carolina State human contact
standard during 2007.
All the LCFRP sites in this subbasin had a good rating for field turbidity except M54 and M42
(both rated fair with 17% of samples above the standard) in the middle estuary (Table 3.4.1).
The station NAV and those upstream were evaluated using the NC State Standard for
freshwater of 50 NTU while all stations downstream of NAV were evaluated with the NC State
Standard for brackish waters of 25 NTU.
All the LCFRP sites in this subbasin had a good rating for nitrate except LVC2 which exceeded
the UNCW-AEL recommended standard (200 mg/L) 67% of the time. All stations rated good
for total phosphorus (Table 3.4.1).
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Table 3.4.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-17
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
LVC2 P G G G P G
AC G G G G G G
DP F G G G G G
IC P G G G G G
NAV G G G G G G
HB F G G G G G
BRR F G G G G G
M61 P G G G G G
M54 G G G F G G
M42 G G G F G G
M35 G G G G G G
M23 G G G G G G
M18 G G G G G G
SPD F G G G G G
56
Figure 3.4.1 Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/L) at IC and M61 for 2007. The dashed
line shows the NC State Standard of 5.0 mg/L and the swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L.
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3.5 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-18
Location: South River headwaters above Dunn down to Black River
Counties: Bladen, Cumberland, Harnett, Johnston, Sampson
Waterbodies: South River, Mingo Swamp
Municipalities: Dunn, Roseboro
NPDES Dischargers: 2 @ 0.08 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 105
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #): SR (B8470000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
SR
58
This subbasin is located on the inner coastal plain and includes the South River which
converges with the Great Coharie Creek to form the Black River, a major tributary of the Cape
Fear River. Land use is primarily agriculture including row crops and concentrated animal
operations.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Not Rated 52.1 freshwater miles Supporting 52.1 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1,454.2 freshwater acres No Data 242.5 freshwater miles
No Data 242.5 freshwater miles No Data 1,454.2 freshwater acres
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: Since February 1996
Sampling relevance: Below City of Dunn, hog operations in watershed
SR – a slow black water tributary
SR was found to have a poor rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations in 2007 (Table 3.5.1).
The North Carolina State Standard for swampwater of 4.0 mg/L was not met 33% of the time.
The lowest levels were found in summer and late fall (Figure 3.5.1).
SR had a poor rating for chlorophyll a exceeding the NC State standard of 40 µg/L on four
occasions, which is 33% of the time. (Table 3.5.1, Figure 3.5.1).
SR had a poor water quality status for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations, exceeding the
NC State Standard of 200 CFU/100mL in 33% of samples (Table 3.5.1). The highest
concentration was in June (685 CFU/100mL).
SR had a good rating for field turbidity, nitrate and total phosphorus (Table 3.5.1).
59
Table 3.5.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-18
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
SR P P P G G G
Figure 3.5.1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and chlorophyll a concentrations (µg/L) at SR during
2007. The dashed lines show the NC State Standard for swampwater DO of 4.0 mg/L and the
chlorophyll a standard of 40 µg/L.
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3.6 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-19
Location: Three main tributaries of Black River near Clinton
Counties: Sampson
Waterbodies: Black River, Six Runs Ck., Great Coharie Ck., Little Coharie Ck.
Municipalities: Clinton, Newton Grove, Warsaw
NPDES Dischargers: 8 @ 6.8 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 374
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
LCO (B8610001), GCO (B8604000), 6RC (B8740000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
LCO
GCO
6RC
62
This subbasin is located in the coastal plain within Sampson County. Land adjacent to
the Black River is primarily undisturbed forest. There are numerous concentrated
swine operations within this subbasin.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 71.3 freshwater miles Supporting 153.0 freshwater miles
Not Rated 99.7 freshwater miles Not Rated 8.8 freshwater miles
No Data 338.4 freshwater miles No Data 347.6 freshwater miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Many concentrated animal operations (CAOs) within the
watershed, reference areas for point and nonpoint source pollution
GCO - blackwater stream, drains
riparian wetlands
All sites had a good rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations during 2007, with no
measurement below the NC State Standard of 4.0 mg/L (Table 3.6.1).
All sites within this subbasin had a good rating for chlorophyll a and field turbidity
concentrations (Table 3.6.1).
6RC had a poor rating for fecal coliform bacteria with 33% of samples exceeding the
NC State human contact standard of 200 CFU/100mL (Table 3.6.1). LCO had a fair
rating with a 17% rate and GCO had a good rating for fecal coliform bacteria.
Nitrate levels were rated poor at 6RC and LCO, exceeding 200 µg/L in 75% and 67%
of the samples, respectively (Table 3.6.1, Figure 3.6.1). GCO had a fair rating for
nitrate, having nitrate levels above 200 µg/L in 25% of the samples.
Total phosphorus was rated good at 6RC and LCO, and rated fair at GCO with levels
above 500 µg/L 25% of the time (Table 3.6.1).
63
Table 3.6.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-19
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
6RC G G P G P G
LCO G G F G P G
GCO G G G G F F
Figure 3.6.1 Nitrate concentrations (µg/L) at 6RC, LCO, and GCO during 2007. The
dashed line shows levels considered problematic in black water streams.
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Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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3.7 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-20
Location: Lower reach of Black River
Counties: Pender
Waterbodies: Black River, Colly Creek, Moores Creek
Municipalities: Town of White Lake, Currie, Atkinson
NPDES Dischargers: 2 at 0.82 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 18
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
COL (B8981000), B210 (B9000000), BBT (none)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
COL
B210
BBT
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This subbasin is located on the coastal plain in Pender County and the land is mostly
forested with some agriculture. The streams in this watershed typically have acidic
black waters. The Black River in this area has been classified as Outstanding
Resource Waters (ORW) (NCDENR DWQ Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality
Plan, October 2005).
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 13.0 freshwater miles Supporting 34.9 freshwater miles
Not Rated 77.9 freshwater miles No Data 199.8 freshwater miles
Not Rated 576.0 freshwater acres No Data 576.0 freshwater miles
No Data 143.8 freshwater acres
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Colly Creek is a pristine swamp reference site, B210 and
BBT are middle and lower Black River sites
COL – blackwater stream, drains
large swamp area, very low pH
B210 - Black River at Hwy 210 bridge
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All three sites had a good rating for dissolved oxygen when using the NC State
swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L (Table 3.7.1).
Chlorophyll a and field turbidity concentrations were low for each site within this
subbasin and all sites had a good rating for these parameters (Table 3.7.1).
Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were generally low with B210 rating as good
and COL rating as fair with samples exceeding the NC State standard 17% of the time
(Table 3.7.1). BBT samples were not analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria.
B210 rated good for nitrate concentrations and COL rated fair with samples exceeding
the UNCW AEL recommended stream standard of 200 µg/L 20% of the time. Drought
conditions prevented sampling at COL during two months, resulting in 10 samples
rather than 12.
All stations rated good for both nutrient species. BBT samples were not analyzed for
nutrients.
Table 3.7.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-20
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
B210 G G G G G G
COL G G F G G G
BBT F G G
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Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, UNC Wilmington
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3.8 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-21
Location: Headwaters of NE Cape Fear River below Mount Olive
Counties: Duplin, Wayne
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River
Municipalities: Mount Olive
NPDES Dischargers: 6 @ 1.4 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 75
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ#): NC403 (B9090000)
DWQ monitoring stations: NC403
This subbasin includes the headwaters of the Northeast Cape Fear River and small
tributaries. This section of the NE Cape Fear River is very slow moving and somewhat
congested with macrophytic growth. Most of the watershed is forested and there is
significant agriculture in the basin.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 21.7 freshwater miles Supporting 57.3 freshwater miles
Not Rated 38.9 freshwater miles No Data 88.1 freshwater miles
No Data 84.7 freshwater miles
NC403
72
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: June 1997 – present
Sampling relevance: Below Mount Olive Pickle Plant
NC403 - slow moving headwaters of
NE Cape Fear River
NC403 had a poor rating for dissolved oxygen concentrations, not meeting the NC State
swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L in 50% of the samples (Table 3.8.1, Figure 3.8.1)
NC403 had a good rating for chlorophyll a, yet there is very high aquatic macrophyte
biomass present, often times completely covering and blocking the waterway (Table
3.8.1). As we have noticed at several of our stations over the years, chlorophyll a, a
measurement of phytoplankton biomass, and often used as an indicator of eutrophic
conditions, is not always adequate to determine problematic conditions with regard to
aquatic flora.
Field turbidity was rated as good at NC 403 (Table 3.8.1).
NC403 had a poor rating for fecal coliform bacteria with samples exceeding the NC
State standard for human contact (200 cfu/100 mL) 33% of the time.
High nitrate levels at NC403 led to a poor rating, with nitrate concentrations >200 µg/L
for 58% of the samples (Table 3.8.1, Figure 3.8.1). UNCW AEL researchers are
concerned about the elevated nitrate levels that are periodically found at this site since
these levels increase the likelihood of algal blooms and excessive aquatic macrophyte
growth. Total phosphorus had a good rating at this location for 2007.
Table 3.8.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-21
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
NC403 P G P G P G
73
Figure 3.8.1 Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) and nitrate (µg/L) concentrations at NC403
during 2007. The dashed lines show the NC State DO standard of 4.0 mg/L for
swampwater and the UNCW AEL recommended level of 200 µg/L for nitrate.
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3.9 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-22
Location: NE Cape Fear River and tributaries in the vicinity of Kenansville
Counties: Duplin
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River, Rockfish Creek
Municipalities: Beulaville, Kenansville, Rose Hill and Wallace
NPDES Dischargers: 13 @ 9.9 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 449
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
PB (B9130000), GS (B9191000), SAR (B9191500), LRC (9460000)
ROC (B9430000)
DWQ monitoring stations: none
Land coverage in this watershed is mostly forested with significant agriculture, including
row crops and a dense concentration of animal operations (poultry and swine).
PB
GS
SAR
ROC
LRC
75
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plans lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 51.1 freshwater miles Supporting 73.2 freshwater miles
Not Rated 72.1 freshwater miles Not Rated 3.0 freshwater miles
Impaired 50.1 freshwater miles No Data 505.9 freshwater miles
No Data 408.8 freshwater miles
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: February 1996 to present
Sampling relevance: Below point and non-point source discharges
PB – slow moving swamp-like
stream
ROC - Rockfish Creek below
Wallace
All sites in this subbasin were rated using the dissolved oxygen NC State swampwater
standard of 4.0 mg/L. SAR, PB, LRC and ROC all had a good rating (Table 3.9.1). GS
had a poor rating with DO values dropping below the standard 58% of the time.
All sites had a good rating for field turbidity concentrations (Table 3.9.1). Mean levels
were less than 15 NTU for all sites within this subbasin for the 2006.
76
For chlorophyll a concentrations SAR, GS, LRC and ROC had a good rating. PB was
rated fair with samples exceeding the NC State Standard 17% of the time (Table 3.9.1).
Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations were rated using the NC State standard of 200
CFU/100 mL for human contact. ROC had a good rating (Table 3.9.1). SAR and LRC
each had a poor rating, exceeding the standard 17% and 18% of the time, respectively.
GS and PB each had a poor rating with 50% and 33% of samples above the standard,
respectively. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations are shown graphically in Figure
3.9.1.
For nitrate, GS had a fair rating (Table 3.9.1). SAR, PB, LRC, and ROC all had a poor
rating with levels exceeding the UNCW AEL standard (200 µg/L) 67%, 33%, 33% and
75% of the time, respectively. Nitrate levels for SAR, PB, LRC and ROC are shown
graphically in Figure 3.9.2.
For total phosphorus SAR, PB, and LRC had a good rating (Table 3.9.1). GS had a fair
rating exceeding the AEL recommended standard (500 µg/L) 17% of the time. ROC
had a poor rating exceeding the AEL recommended standard (500 µg/L) 33% of the
time.
Table 3.9.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation for subbasin 03-06-22
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
SAR G G F G P G
GS P G P G F F
PB G F P G P G
LRC G G F G P G
ROC G G G G P P
77
Figure 3.9.1 Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations at PB and GS (CFU/100mL)
during 2007. The dashed line is the NC State Standard for human contact of 200
cfu/100mL.
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Figure 3.9.2 Nitrate-N concentrations (µg/L) at SAR, PB, LRC and ROC during 2007.
The dashed line represents the UNCW AEL suggested threshold for good water quality.
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3.10 Cape Fear River Subbasin 03-06-23
Location: Area near Burgaw and Angola swamp
Counties: Pender
Waterbodies: Northeast Cape Fear River,Burgaw Creek
Municipalities: Burgaw
NPDES Dischargers: 7 @ 3.8 million gallons per day
Concentrated Swine Operations: 52
LCFRP monitoring stations (DWQ #):
ANC (69), BCRR (82), BC117 (83), NCF117 (84), NCF6 (85)
DWQ monitoring stations: NCF117
ANCBCRR BC117
NCF117
NCF6
81
This subbasin is located in the outer coastal plain where many streams are slow flowing
blackwater streams that often dry up during the summer months. Most of the watershed is
forested with some agriculture and increasing human development.
The CFR Basinwide Water Quality Plan lists the following ratings for this subbasin:
Aquatic Life Recreation
Supporting 73.8 freshwater miles Supporting 39.5 freshwater miles
Not Rated 36.8 freshwater miles Supporting 1.0 saltwater acre
Impaired 23.4 freshwater miles Not Rated 11.6 freshwater miles
Not Rated 8.3 freshwater miles No Data 324.5 freshwater miles
No Data 233.2 freshwater miles
Not Rated 1.0 saltwater acre
Lower Cape Fear River Program Assessment
Data collection: NCF117 & NCF6 since June 1995, others from February 1996
Sampling relevance: point and non-point source dischargers
ANC - Angola Creek
BC117 - Burgaw Canal at US 117
82
NCF117 - Northeast Cape Fear River at
at US117
This subbasin had extensive dissolved oxygen problems. BC117, NCF117 and NCF6 had a
good rating when using the 4.0 mg/L standard (Table 3.10.1). SC-CH had a fair rating with
sub-standard samples 17% of the time. ANC and NCF117 had a poor rating with substandard
samples 58% and 50% of the time, respectively. DO levels for ANC and BCRR are seen in
Figure 3.10.1.
For chlorophyll a ANC, BC117, NCF117 and NCF6 rated good (Table 3.10.1). BCRR rated fair
exceeding the NC State Standard of 40 µg/L 17% of the time.
For fecal coliform bacteria, NCF6 and SC-CH had a good rating (Table 3.10.1). ANC, BCRR
and NCF117 each had a fair rating, exceeding the human contact standard 17%, 25% and
17% of the time, respectively. BC117 had a poor rating exceeding the standard 67% of the
time. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations for BC117 are shown in Figure 3.10.2.
NCF6 had a fair rating for field turbidity, exceeding 17% of the time. All other sites were rated
good (Table 3.10.1).
Nutrient loading of nitrate and total phosphorus was problematic at BC117 which had a poor
rating for both (Table 3.10.1). BC117 had the highest nitrate and TP levels seen in the LCFRP
system. These levels were far above the concentrations known to lead to algal bloom
formation, bacterial increases and increased biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in blackwater
streams (Mallin et al. 2001, Mallin et al. 2002).
Table 3.10.1 UNCW AEL 2007 evaluation of subbasin 03-06-23
Station Dissolved Oxygen Chlorophyll a Fecal Coliform Field Turbidity Nitrate
Total
Phosphorus
ANC P G F G G G
BC117 G G P G P P
BCRR P F F G G G
NCF117 G G F G G G
NCF6 G G G F G G
SC-CH F G G G 83
Figure 3.10.1 Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/L) at ANC and BCRR for 2007. The
dashed line shows NC State swampwater standard of 4.0 mg/L.
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
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Figure 3.10.2 Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations (CFU/100mL) at BC117 during 2007.
The dashed line shows the NC State Standard for human contact waters of 200 CFU/100mL.
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3.11 References Cited
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, D.C. Parsons and S.H. Ensign. 2001. Effect of
nitrogen and phosphorus loading on plankton in Coastal Plain blackwater
streams. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16:455-466.
Mallin, M.A., L.B. Cahoon, M.R. McIver and S.H. Ensign. 2002. Seeking
science-based nutrient standards for coastal blackwater stream systems.
Report No. 341. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of
North Carolina, Raleigh, N.C.
Mallin, M. A., M.R. McIver, S.H. Ensign and L.B. Cahoon. 2004. Photosynthetic
and heterotrophic impacts of nutrient loading to blackwater streams.
Ecological Applications14: 823-838.
NCDENR-DWQ (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural
Resources-Division of Water Quality), Cape Fear River Basinwide Water
Quality Plan. July 2000, Raleigh, N.C.
NCDENR-DWQ (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural
Resources-Division of Water Quality), Cape Fear River Basinwide Water
Quality Plan. October 2005, Raleigh, N.C.
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