HomeMy WebLinkAboutHilton Bluffs Subdivision- Soil and Water Comments
TO: New Hanover County Planning Department, September 20th, 2024
FROM: Dru Harrison, Director
RE: Hilton Bluffs Subdivision
I HAVE REVIEWED THIS PLAN AS REQUESTED AND HAVE THESE
COMMENTS: The soils are predominantly Baymeade fine sand (Be), Dorovan soils
(DO), Johnston soils (JO), Kenansville fine sand (Ke), Kureb sand (Kr), Lakeland
sand (La), Leon sand (Le), Murville fine sand (Mu), Onslow loamy fine sand (On),
Rimini sand (Rm), and Borrow Pits (Bp). Disregard the chart on the Soil Survey
showing soils for Pender County, that is due to the drawing of the polygon for the
Area of Interest.
According to the booklet “Wilmington/New Hanover Classification of soils for Septic
Tank Suitability,” Kenansville, Kureb, Rimini and Lakeland sand are Class I soils,
Baymeade and Onslow is a Class II soils, Leon and Murville are Class III soils, and
Dorovan and Johnston are Class IV soils. If the borrow pit is filled its classification is
dependent on the material and method of filling.
The Soil Survey of New Hanover County lists Kureb, Rimini, and Lakeland as
excessively well drained, Baymeade and Kenansville as well drained, Onslow as
somewhat poorly drained, Leon as poorly drained, and Murville, Dorovan, and
Johnston as very poorly drained. There is no determination for a filled borrow pit.
Murville, Doravan, and Johnston soils are on the New Hanover County Hydric Soils
Ä list which means they are possibly wetland areas and subject to regulation under the
Clean Water Act. Kureb, Rimini, and Lakeland are on the Hydric Soils “B” list which
means there may be areas of wetland included in the mapping unit. It should be noted,
according to the Soil Survey of New Hanover County, the limitation for dwellings
with or without basements and for small commercial buildings is severe for all the
soils on this site. The limitations are due to flooding and/or wetness. An adequate
drainage and maintenance plan is needed for suitable housing.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has federal jurisdiction over 404 Permits and the
NC Department of Environmental Quality, Water Quality Division, has state
jurisdiction over 401 Permits under the Clean Water Act. Before disturbing possible
wetland areas, developers should contact these agencies to stay in compliance with
State and Federal regulations.
United States
Department of
Agriculture
A product of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey,
a joint effort of the United
States Department of
Agriculture and other
Federal agencies, State
agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment
Stations, and local
participants
Custom Soil Resource
Report for
New Hanover County, North
Carolina, and Pender
County, North Carolina
Hilton Bluffs Subdivision
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service
September 20, 2024
Preface
Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas.
They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information
about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for
many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban
planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers.
Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste
disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand,
protect, or enhance the environment.
Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose
special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil
properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions.
The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of
soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for
identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.
Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area
planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some
cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering
applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center
(https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil
Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053951).
Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are
seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a
foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as
septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to
basements or underground installations.
The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States
Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the
Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National
Cooperative Soil Survey.
Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available
through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its
programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability,
and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion,
sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a
part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not
all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
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alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice
and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or
call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity
provider and employer.
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................2
How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................5
Soil Map..................................................................................................................8
Soil Map................................................................................................................9
Legend................................................................................................................10
Map Unit Legend................................................................................................12
Map Unit Descriptions........................................................................................12
New Hanover County, North Carolina.............................................................15
Be—Baymeade fine sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes........................................15
Bp—Borrow pits..........................................................................................16
DO—Dorovan soils......................................................................................17
JO—Johnston soils.....................................................................................18
Ke—Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes.......................................19
Kr—Kureb sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes.......................................................20
La—Lakeland sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes..................................................21
Le—Leon sand............................................................................................23
Mu—Murville fine sand................................................................................24
On—Onslow loamy fine sand......................................................................25
Rm—Rimini sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes.....................................................26
W—Water....................................................................................................28
Pender County, North Carolina.......................................................................29
Do—Dorovan muck, frequently flooded......................................................29
Jo—Johns fine sandy loam.........................................................................30
KeB—Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes.....................................31
W—Water....................................................................................................32
References............................................................................................................33
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How Soil Surveys Are Made
Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous
areas in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous
areas and their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and
limitations affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length,
and shape of the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and
native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil
profiles. A soil profile is the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The
profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the
soil formed or from the surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is
devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not been changed by other
biological activity.
Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource
areas (MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that
share common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water
resources, soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey
areas typically consist of parts of one or more MLRA.
The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that
is related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the
area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind
of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and
miscellaneous areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific
segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they
were formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict
with a considerable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a
specific location on the landscape.
Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their
characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil
scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only
a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented
by an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to
verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.
Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They
noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock
fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them
to identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their
properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).
Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil
characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for
comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic
classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character
of soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil
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scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the
individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that
they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and
research.
The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the
objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that
have similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a
unique combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable
proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components
of the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way
diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such
landforms and landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite
investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.
Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.
The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of
mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape,
and experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the
soil-landscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at
specific locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller
number of measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded.
These measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color,
depth to bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for
content of sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil
typically vary from one point to another across the landscape.
Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of
characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct
measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit
component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other
properties.
While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally
are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists
interpret the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed
characteristics and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the
soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through
observation of the soils in different uses and under different levels of management.
Some interpretations are modified to fit local conditions, and some new
interpretations are developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled from other
sources, such as research information, production records, and field experience of
specialists. For example, data on crop yields under defined levels of management
are assembled from farm records and from field or plot experiments on the same
kinds of soil.
Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on
such variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over
long periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example,
soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will
have a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict
that a high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.
After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the
survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and
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identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings,
fields, roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.
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Soil Map
The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of
soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols
displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to
produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.
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Custom Soil Resource Report
Soil Map
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222000 223000 224000 225000 226000 227000 228000 229000 230000 231000 232000 233000
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34° 23' 24'' N
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Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 18N WGS84
0 2500 5000 10000 15000
Feet
0 500 1000 2000 3000
Meters
Map Scale: 1:53,500 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Map Unit Polygons
Soil Map Unit Lines
Soil Map Unit Points
Special Point Features
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Clay Spot
Closed Depression
Gravel Pit
Gravelly Spot
Landfill
Lava Flow
Marsh or swamp
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Sandy Spot
Severely Eroded Spot
Sinkhole
Slide or Slip
Sodic Spot
Spoil Area
Stony Spot
Very Stony Spot
Wet Spot
Other
Special Line Features
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at scales
ranging from 1:15,800 to 1:24,000.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL:
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: New Hanover County, North Carolina
Survey Area Data: Version 25, Sep 13, 2023
Soil Survey Area: Pender County, North Carolina
Survey Area Data: Version 26, Sep 13, 2023
Your area of interest (AOI) includes more than one soil survey
area. These survey areas may have been mapped at different
scales, with a different land use in mind, at different times, or at
different levels of detail. This may result in map unit symbols, soil
properties, and interpretations that do not completely agree
across soil survey area boundaries.
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Nov 8, 2022—Dec 1,
2022
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background
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MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
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11
Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Be Baymeade fine sand, 1 to 6
percent slopes
202.6 3.3%
Bp Borrow pits 14.9 0.2%
DO Dorovan soils 1,716.4 28.2%
JO Johnston soils 1,394.8 22.9%
Ke Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 3
percent slopes
164.6 2.7%
Kr Kureb sand, 1 to 8 percent
slopes
13.1 0.2%
La Lakeland sand, 1 to 8 percent
slopes
77.6 1.3%
Le Leon sand 459.4 7.5%
Mu Murville fine sand 638.3 10.5%
On Onslow loamy fine sand 22.9 0.4%
Rm Rimini sand, 1 to 6 percent
slopes
13.3 0.2%
W Water 422.7 6.9%
Subtotals for Soil Survey Area 5,140.7 84.5%
Totals for Area of Interest 6,087.3 100.0%
Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI
Do Dorovan muck, frequently
flooded
626.8 10.3%
Jo Johns fine sandy loam 0.0 0.0%
KeB Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 4
percent slopes
13.4 0.2%
W Water 305.9 5.0%
Subtotals for Soil Survey Area 946.1 15.5%
Totals for Area of Interest 6,087.3 100.0%
Map Unit Descriptions
The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the
soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along
with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.
A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more
major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named
according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic
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class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the
landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the
characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some
observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class.
Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without
including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made
up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor
components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils.
Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the
map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called
noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a
particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties
and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different
management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They
generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the
scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas
are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a
given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit
descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor
components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not
mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it
was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and
miscellaneous areas on the landscape.
The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the
usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate
pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or
landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The
delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the
development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however,
onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous
areas.
An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions.
Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil
properties and qualities.
Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for
differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major
horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.
Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness,
salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the
basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas
shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase
commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha
silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.
Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.
These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.
A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate
pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps.
The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar
in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.
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An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or
miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present
or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered
practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The
pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat
similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas
that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar
interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion
of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can
be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made
up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.
Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil
material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.
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New Hanover County, North Carolina
Be—Baymeade fine sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr0
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Baymeade and similar soils:90 percent
Minor components:8 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Baymeade
Setting
Landform:Ridges on marine terraces
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy and sandy marine deposits
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: fine sand
E/Bh - 2 to 30 inches: fine sand
Bt - 30 to 40 inches: fine sandy loam
C - 40 to 80 inches: loamy fine sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 48 to 60 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 3.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY030NC - Dry Loamy Rises and Flats, F153AY030NC - Dry
Loamy Rises and Flats
Hydric soil rating: No
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Minor Components
Lynn haven, undrained
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Leon
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Murville, undrained
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces, depressions on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Torhunta, undrained
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Depressions on stream terraces, carolina bays on marine terraces, flats
on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153AY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153BY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Bp—Borrow pits
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr2
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
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Map Unit Composition
Udorthents, loamy, and similar soils:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Udorthents, Loamy
Setting
Landform:Ridges
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy mine spoil or earthy fill
Typical profile
C - 0 to 80 inches: sandy clay loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Moderate (about 8.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e
Hydrologic Soil Group: B
Hydric soil rating: No
DO—Dorovan soils
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr4
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Dorovan and similar soils:80 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Dorovan
Setting
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Linear
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Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Woody organic material
Typical profile
Oe - 0 to 5 inches: muck
Oa - 5 to 85 inches: muck
2Cg - 85 to 95 inches: loamy sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 1 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Very poorly drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 inches
Frequency of flooding:Frequent
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Very high (about 13.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7w
Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D
Ecological site: F153BY100NC - Flooded Organic Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153AY100NC - Flooded Organic Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
JO—Johnston soils
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr5
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Johnston, undrained, and similar soils:90 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Johnston, Undrained
Setting
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Sandy and loamy alluvium
Typical profile
A - 0 to 30 inches: mucky loam
Cg1 - 30 to 34 inches: loamy fine sand
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Cg2 - 34 to 80 inches: fine sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Very poorly drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 inches
Frequency of flooding:Frequent
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: High (about 9.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A/D
Ecological site: F153AY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153BY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Ke—Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr6
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Kenansville, moderately wet, and similar soils:90 percent
Minor components:2 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Kenansville, Moderately Wet
Setting
Landform:Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy alluvium over sandy alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 8 inches: fine sand
E - 8 to 24 inches: fine sand
Bt - 24 to 36 inches: sandy loam
BC - 36 to 42 inches: loamy sand
C - 42 to 84 inches: sand
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Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 3 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 5.95 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 48 to 72 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 4.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY030NC - Dry Loamy Rises and Flats, F153AY030NC - Dry
Loamy Rises and Flats
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Muckalee, undrained
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153AY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153BY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Kr—Kureb sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr7
Elevation: 0 to 20 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 58 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 to 64 degrees F
Frost-free period: 190 to 270 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Kureb and similar soils:85 percent
Minor components:5 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Kureb
Setting
Landform:Ridges on marine terraces, rims on carolina bays
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Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit, shoulder
Landform position (three-dimensional):Crest
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Eolian sands and/or sandy fluviomarine deposits
Typical profile
A - 0 to 3 inches: sand
E - 3 to 26 inches: sand
C/Bh - 26 to 89 inches: sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Excessively drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High to very high (5.95
to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Very low (about 1.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY010NC - Dry Sands, F153AY010NC - Dry Sands
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Leon
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
La—Lakeland sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wr9
Elevation: 0 to 20 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 42 to 58 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 61 to 64 degrees F
Frost-free period: 190 to 270 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
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Map Unit Composition
Lakeland and similar soils:85 percent
Minor components:3 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Lakeland
Setting
Landform:Ridges on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Eolian sands and/or sandy fluviomarine deposits
Typical profile
A - 0 to 2 inches: sand
C - 2 to 80 inches: sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Excessively drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High to very high (5.95
to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 3.6 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY010NC - Dry Sands, F153AY010NC - Dry Sands
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Leon
Percent of map unit:3 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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Le—Leon sand
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wrb
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of unique importance
Map Unit Composition
Leon and similar soils:80 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Leon
Setting
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Sandy fluviomarine deposits and/or eolian sands
Typical profile
A - 0 to 3 inches: sand
E - 3 to 15 inches: sand
Bh - 15 to 30 inches: fine sand
BE - 30 to 33 inches: fine sand
E' - 33 to 66 inches: fine sand
B'h - 66 to 80 inches: fine sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Poorly drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.20 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 to 12 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 3.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A/D
Ecological site: F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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Mu—Murville fine sand
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wrh
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of unique importance
Map Unit Composition
Murville, undrained, and similar soils:80 percent
Murville, drained, and similar soils:10 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Murville, Undrained
Setting
Landform:Flats on marine terraces, depressions on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Sandy fluviomarine deposits and/or eolian sands
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: fine sand
Bh - 8 to 45 inches: fine sand
C - 45 to 80 inches: fine sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Very poorly drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 4.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 5w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A/D
Ecological site: F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Description of Murville, Drained
Setting
Landform:Flats on marine terraces, depressions on marine terraces
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Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Concave
Parent material:Sandy fluviomarine deposits and/or eolian sands
Typical profile
A - 0 to 8 inches: fine sand
Bh - 8 to 45 inches: fine sand
C - 45 to 80 inches: fine sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Very poorly drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High (1.98 to 5.95
in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 4.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A/D
Ecological site: F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
On—Onslow loamy fine sand
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wrl
Elevation: 20 to 330 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 38 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Onslow and similar soils:90 percent
Minor components:5 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Onslow
Setting
Landform:Flats on marine terraces, broad interstream divides on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Loamy and sandy marine deposits
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Typical profile
A - 0 to 4 inches: loamy fine sand
E/Bh - 4 to 20 inches: loamy fine sand
Bt - 20 to 68 inches: sandy clay loam
Cg - 68 to 80 inches: sandy loam
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 36 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Moderate (about 7.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY040NC - Moist Loamy Rises and Flats, F153AY040NC -
Moist Loamy Rises and Flats
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Rains, undrained
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Broad interstream divides on marine terraces, carolina bays on marine
terraces, flats on marine terraces
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153AY060NC - Wet Loamy Flats and Depressions,
F153BY060NC - Wet Loamy Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Rm—Rimini sand, 1 to 6 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wrq
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
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Map Unit Composition
Rimini and similar soils:90 percent
Minor components:5 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Rimini
Setting
Landform:Rims on carolina bays, ridges on marine terraces
Landform position (two-dimensional):Summit
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Eolian sands and/or sandy fluviomarine deposits
Typical profile
A - 0 to 4 inches: sand
E - 4 to 58 inches: sand
Bh - 58 to 80 inches: sand
C - 80 to 88 inches: sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 6 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Excessively drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):High to very high (5.95
to 19.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:More than 80 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Very low (about 2.4 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY010NC - Dry Sands, F153AY010NC - Dry Sands
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Leon
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Flats on marine terraces
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Concave
Ecological site:F153BY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions,
F153AY070NC - Wet Spodosol Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
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W—Water
Map Unit Composition
Water:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Water
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
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Pender County, North Carolina
Do—Dorovan muck, frequently flooded
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3ww6
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Not prime farmland
Map Unit Composition
Dorovan and similar soils:80 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Dorovan
Setting
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Linear
Across-slope shape:Linear
Parent material:Woody organic material
Typical profile
Oe - 0 to 5 inches: muck
Oa - 5 to 85 inches: muck
2Cg - 85 to 95 inches: loamy sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 1 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Very poorly drained
Runoff class: Negligible
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 0 inches
Frequency of flooding:Frequent
Frequency of ponding:Frequent
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Very high (about 13.8 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7w
Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D
Ecological site: F153BY100NC - Flooded Organic Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153AY100NC - Flooded Organic Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Custom Soil Resource Report
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Jo—Johns fine sandy loam
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wwg
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained
Map Unit Composition
Johns and similar soils:85 percent
Minor components:6 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Johns
Setting
Landform:Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy alluvium over sandy alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 7 inches: fine sandy loam
E - 7 to 11 inches: fine sandy loam
Bt - 11 to 37 inches: sandy clay loam
2Cg - 37 to 80 inches: sand
Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 2 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:20 to 40 inches to strongly contrasting textural
stratification
Drainage class:Moderately well drained
Runoff class: Low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 1.98 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 18 to 36 inches
Frequency of flooding:Rare
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 5.1 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w
Hydrologic Soil Group: C
Ecological site: F153AY040NC - Moist Loamy Rises and Flats
Hydric soil rating: No
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Minor Components
Lumbee, undrained
Percent of map unit:5 percent
Landform:Backswamps on stream terraces
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153AY060NC - Wet Loamy Flats and Depressions
Hydric soil rating: Yes
Muckalee, undrained
Percent of map unit:1 percent
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153AY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
KeB—Kenansville fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes
Map Unit Setting
National map unit symbol: 3wwj
Elevation: 20 to 160 feet
Mean annual precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
Mean annual air temperature: 59 to 70 degrees F
Frost-free period: 200 to 280 days
Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance
Map Unit Composition
Kenansville, moderately wet, and similar soils:90 percent
Minor components:2 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Kenansville, Moderately Wet
Setting
Landform:Stream terraces
Landform position (three-dimensional):Tread
Down-slope shape:Convex
Across-slope shape:Convex
Parent material:Loamy alluvium over sandy alluvium
Typical profile
Ap - 0 to 8 inches: fine sand
E - 8 to 24 inches: fine sand
Bt - 24 to 36 inches: sandy loam
BC - 36 to 42 inches: loamy sand
C - 42 to 84 inches: sand
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Properties and qualities
Slope:0 to 3 percent
Depth to restrictive feature:More than 80 inches
Drainage class:Well drained
Runoff class: Very low
Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat):Moderately high to high
(0.57 to 5.95 in/hr)
Depth to water table:About 48 to 72 inches
Frequency of flooding:None
Frequency of ponding:None
Available water supply, 0 to 60 inches: Low (about 4.2 inches)
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2s
Hydrologic Soil Group: A
Ecological site: F153BY030NC - Dry Loamy Rises and Flats, F153AY030NC - Dry
Loamy Rises and Flats
Hydric soil rating: No
Minor Components
Muckalee, undrained
Percent of map unit:2 percent
Landform:Flood plains
Down-slope shape:Concave
Across-slope shape:Linear
Ecological site:F153BY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces,
F153AY090NC - Flooded Mineral Soil Floodplains and Terraces
Hydric soil rating: Yes
W—Water
Map Unit Composition
Water:100 percent
Estimates are based on observations, descriptions, and transects of the mapunit.
Description of Water
Interpretive groups
Land capability classification (irrigated): None specified
Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 8
Hydric soil rating: No
Custom Soil Resource Report
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References
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling
and testing. 24th edition.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of
soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service FWS/OBS-79/31.
Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.
Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.
Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric
soils in the United States.
National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.
Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262
Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for
making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577
Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580
Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands
Section.
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of
Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical
Report Y-87-1.
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/
home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/
detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084
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United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242
United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States,
the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook
296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?
cid=nrcs142p2_053624
United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land
capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http://
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf
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